Table 1. Main histological lesions due to smoking and corresponding high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings.

Histology	HRCT
Smoker's macrophages within bronchiolar lumens and surrounding alveolar spaces, mild bronchiolar fibrosis and inflammation	Hazy centrilobular nodules Patchy ground-glass opacity
Mild distortion of bronchiolar lumens with bronchioloectasia and mucostasis	Mild bronchial dilatation with wall thickening; mild air-trapping at expiratory computed tomography scanning
Centrilobular and subpleural emphysema	Centrilobular and paraseptal emphysema
Dense interstitial fibrosis, frequently surrounding emphysematous holes	Peripheral and intralobular reticulation, ground-glass opacity intermingled with emphysematous areas
Increase in Langerhans’ cells forming stellate bronchiolocentric nodules, some of which are irregularly cavitated and fibrotic	Ill-defined or cavitated centrilobular nodules