FIG 1.

FhdA is essential to the caspofungin paradoxical effect (CPE) and binds to several targets before and after caspofungin (CSP) exposure. (A) Radial growth of the wild-type strain (Wt, CEA17), ΔfhdA, and ΔfhdA:fhdA⁺ incubated for 5 days at 37°C in minimal medium containing 0, 1, and 8 μg/mL of CSP. (B) Fluorescence microscopy of a FdhA:GFP functional strain before and after exposure to 6 ng/mL of CSP for 30 min. Hoechst was used to dye the nuclei. (C) A Venn diagram showing the number of FhdA targets before and after exposure to 2 μg/mL of CSP for 1 h. (D) Top 10 GO terms categorizing the genes closest to the FhdA targets before and after CSP exposure. (E) Functional classification of the 122 targets constitutively bound by FhdA. All of the methods are described in the Supplementary Text S1 (10.6084/m9.figshare.20254623).