Table 1. Pulmonary arterial hypertension associated with congenital heart disease (CHD).

Type of defect	Example
Left-to-right shunts	Atrial septal defect
	Ventricular septal defect
	Atrioventricular defects
	Patent ductus arteriosus
Left-sided obstruction	Mitral stenosis
	Aortic stenosis
Cyanotic CHD (occurring with increased pulmonary blood flow)	Common arterial trunk
	Transposition of great vessels
Anomalies of pulmonary arteries	Tetralogy of Fallot with pulmonary atresia and MAPCAs
	Hemitruncus

MAPCA: major aortopulmonary collateral artery. Modified from [8] with permission from the publisher.