Table 2.
Characteristics of participants
| Study | Patients included | Exclusion criteria | Number of participants | Number of SSIs | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CHG–alcohol | PVP-I | CHG–alcohol | PVP-I | |||
| Berry 198224 | Elective surgical cases | Patients sensitive to one or other preparation. | 453 | 413 | 44 | 61 |
| Berry 198425 | Patients from both private and clinic services | Patients underwent operations not included in the study protocol. Patients with death within 48 h of the operation. Patients required a second operation within 48 h. |
378* | 359* | 23 | 29 |
| Veiga 200826 | Age 18 years or older Scheduled for elective and clean plastic surgery procedures |
N/A | 0 | 125 | 4 | 125 |
| Cheng 200927 | Undergoing foot surgery | Patients with current open wounds skin ulcers and/or sores. Patients with a history of onychomycosis, paronychia, or nail deformity. Patients with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus or recent antibiotic use (within 1 week of surgery). |
0 | 25 | 0 | 25 |
| Paocharoen 200928 | Age 18–60 years | Patient refusal, dirty wound, uncontrolled diabetes, on immunosuppressive drugs, serum albumin less than 3.0 mg/dl. Patients with a history of allergy to study agent. |
250 | 250 | 5 | 8 |
| Sistla 201029 | Elective inguinal hernia repair | Patients with recurrent or complicated inguinal hernia. Patients with a history of allergy to the antiseptics. |
271 | 285 | 14 | 19 |
| Rodrigues 201330 | Age 18 years or older Open-access elective procedures, with subcostal abdominal, vertical abdominal and thoracic incisions |
Patients with breaches in the rules of antisepsis and asepsis, changing the classification of the surgical site. Patients with abandoned follow-up. |
103* | 102* | 11 | 7 |
| Perek 201331 | Elective cardiac procedures carried out via median sternotomy | Patients with pre-existing infections (for example infective endocarditis) treated with antibiotics. Patients operated on emergently due to complications resulting from percutaneous interventions. Patients treated surgically for aortic aneurysms or acute dissections (due to more aggressive perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis). Patients requiring prolonged (exceeding 72 h) intubation and mechanical ventilation. |
47 | 47 | 2 | 4 |
| Ngai 201533 | Gestation period 37 or more weeks on best obstetric estimate scheduled or non-emergent Caesarean delivery |
Patients had a urogenital tract infection within 2 weeks of delivery. Patients with a 2-week or more history of steroid delivery during their pregnancy. Patients younger than 18 years old. |
474 | 463 | 21 | 21 |
| Srinivas 201532 | Age 18–70 years Uniformly received the preoperative antibiotic during the induction of anaesthesia |
Patients with no consent for the trial. Patients with a history of allergy to CHG, alcohol, or iodophors. Clinical/microbiological evidence of infection at/adjacent to the surgical site. Patients with ongoing systemic sepsis. Patients died intraoperatively or before the completion of the 30-day follow-up interval. Patients left the hospital against medical advice or lost to follow-up. Patients required a second operation within two weeks of the first operation. |
163 | 188 | 17 | 33 |
| Salama 201634 | Age 18–42 years BMI 20–35 Elective and non-elective Caesarean sections |
Patients with a history of allergy to CHG, alcohol, and iodophors. Patients with a history of rupture of membranes more than 24 h Patients with documented concomitant infections such as chorioamnionitis, pyelonephritis, mastitis. Patients with diabetics or obese. Patients with BMI greater than 35. |
204 | 201 | 9 | 27 |
| Springel 201735 | Age 18 years or older Delivery, or intrapartum once a plan for Caesarean |
Patients with no key study personnel to complete study-related procedures. Patients allergic to PVP-I or CHG. Patients with diagnosed with clinical chorioamnionitis. Patients incarcerated. Study personnel perceived that the patient was unlikely to return to complete postoperative assessments. Patients unable or unwilling to consent for study participation in English or Spanish. |
461 | 471 | 29 | 33 |
| Kesani 201936 | Age 18 years or older Caesarean sections |
Patients with a history of allergy to CHG, alcohol, or iodophors evidence of infection at or adjacent to the operative site. Patients with no follow-up the patient’s course for 30 days after surgery. |
296 | 296 | 19 | 41 |
| Ritter 201937 | Elective or emergency traumatological surgery of the lower leg, ankle, or foot at a single institution | Patients with history of systemic disease (for example dermatitis herpetiformis, or Duhring’s disease). Patients with an allergy to the researched agents or one of its components. Underage participants (under 18 years old). Polytraumatized participants. Participants with open fractures or manifest infections. |
112* | 167* | 2 | 9 |
| Gezer 202038 | Surgery for malignant or premalignant conditions of the uterus, cervix or ovary, or peritoneal carcinomatosis |
Patients unable to give informed consent. Patients with a known allergy to the disinfectants. Patients currently using antimicrobials, immunosuppressant drugs, or insulin for uncontrolled diabetes. Patients with an open wound. |
110 | 110 | 12 | 12 |
N/A, not available; CHG, chlorhexidine gluconate; PVP-I, povidone-iodine; SSI, surgical site infection. * Extraction of data based on per-protocol set.