Table 3.
Molecular mechanisms of antifungal drug resistance stated in the included studies
| Mechanism | Detail | Outcome | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| C. albicans | |||
| ERG11 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: A114S*, Y132H*, F449Y*, Q474K*, T123I*, Y257H*, G448E*, G464S*, F72S*, G450E*, Y132F*, K143Q*, K143R*, Y257H*, D116E, P56S, V88I, V437I, E266D, V488I, D116E/D, R523G, N440S, A114V, T285A, S457P, I333T, S24G, K90R, N168S, V234G, N237D, E260G, T285A, A317T, K344E, E517V, V332L, K128T, G448R, V488I, G448R/G, G465S, D225H, S199N, F104V, L935S, E260V, N435V, G472R and D502E, D117E, E165K, E174A, V234F, G346A, A434V, and L480F |
Azole resistance | (26, 27, 70, 74, 80, 82, 83, 86, 88, 125) |
| Mrr2 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: L144V*, T145A*, V451A*, S466L*, A468G*, S480P*, H31Y, T83A, H149Y, S165N, T386I and D404N |
Azole resistance | (85) |
| ERG4 mutation |
Silent mutation: CA133 and C435T |
Azole resistance | (86) |
| ERG3 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: A18P/A, R365G/R, W219C and R352H Silent mutations: T342G, T435C, C441T, T1047C |
Azole resistance | (26, 89) |
| Efg1 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: V86I Silent mutation: A150T, A165C, G210A, G267A, G279A, A285T, A744C, A786G, T954A, C1071T, A1055C, A1317G |
Azole resistance | (89) |
| Cap1 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: A390T, S381N, P311S, G481E |
Azole resistance | (90) |
| Mrr1 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: R557K*, K844E*, F1032L*, S1037L*, N937K, E1020Q, T917M and T923I |
Azole resistance | (90) |
| Overexpression | ADH1, CDR1, CDR2, MDR1, FLU1, ERG11, TAC1, Cap1, MDR1, Mrr1 | Azole resistance | (26, 27, 77, 81, 85, 90, 106) |
| C. glabrata | |||
| ERG 11 mutation |
Mutations: T1328C, T1394C, G1487A, A1583G Amino acid substitution= no |
Fluconazole resistance | (119) |
| MSH2 mutation |
Polymorphism: V239L, E456D, R636 M |
Azole resistance | (17) |
| PDR1 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: G348C*, N764D*, E259G, E555D, N764D, D876N, S98L, R250K, G389V, R293G, S942F, L139I, E818G, Y336H, I378T, L669F, A848V, P76S, P143T, D243N, I91V, L732S, P927S |
Azole resistance | (17, 119) |
| FKS2 mutation | S663F and S663P mutation in FKS2 HS1 | Echinocandins resistance | (17) |
| Overexpression | CDR1, CDR2, | Azole resistance | (119) |
| C. tropicalis | |||
| ERG 11 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: Y132F*, S154C*, A114S*, Y132H*, V125A, Y257H, and G464S |
Azole resistance | (68, 94, 111, 112, 114) |
| Overexpression | Erg11, CDR1, MDR1 | Azole resistance | (114) |
| C. krusei | |||
| ERG 11 mutation |
Codon substitution: T939C, T642C, A756T |
Azole resistance | (122) |
| Overexpression | Erg11 | Azole resistance | (122) |
| C. auris | |||
| ERG 11 mutation | VF125AL and I74L mutation | Azole resistance | (16) |
| FKS1 mutation | S639F mutation | Echinocandins resistance | (16) |
| C. guilliermondii | |||
| ERG 11 mutation |
Non-synonymous mutations: W37C, P518R, P430Q, D492N, Y41F, L328T, S346T, V410M, S420T, F39L, N485K, Y132F, S346T, G16S, M332I, R247K, G459S, G459K, K143R, Q469K |
Azole resistance | (125) |
| C. haemulonii | |||
| ERG 11 mutation |
Amino acid substitution: Y132H* |
Azole resistance | (94) |
*= Validated: mean all the amino acids found only in resistant strains and not in the susceptible isolates, and the authors discussed their azole resistance validity.