Table 2. Cytokines and growth factors modulated by pirfenidone treatment in animal models.

Cytokine/growth factor	Lung				Heart	Kidney		Liver
	Oku et al. [38]	Hirano et al. [47]	Liu et al. [45]	Zhou et al. [46]	Lee et al. [2]	Shimizu et al. [50]	Shimizu et al. [48]	Salazar-Montes et al. [52]	Garcia et al. [53]	Di Sario et al. [54]	Tada et al. [55]
	Bleomycin	Allergen-induced AHR	Transplant	Transplant	Chronic heart failure	5/6 nephrectomy	Ureteral obstruction	CCl4 and bile duct ligation models	CCl4 and bile duct ligation models	DMN	DMN
TGF-β	Protein↓	Protein↓	Protein↓	Protein↓	Protein↓	mRNA↓	mRNA↓	mRNA↓	mRNA↓	mRNA↓	mRNA↓#
PDGF		Protein↓
bFGF	Protein↓
IL-18	Protein↓
SDF-1α/CXCL12	Protein↓
IFN-γ	Protein↔
HGF								mRNA↑
MMP-2							mRNA↓		Protein↔	mRNA↓
MMP-9					Protein↓
TIMP-1									mRNA↓	mRNA↓
TIMP-4					Protein↑
TNF-α	Protein↓				Protein↓
IL-1β	Protein↓
IL-4		Protein↓
IL-5		Protein↓
IL-13		Protein↓
IL-6	Protein↓
MCP-1	Protein↓
IL-12p40	Protein↓

Empty fields denote end-points that were either not assessed or not dysregulated in this model. Unless otherwise noted, all effects were statistically significant per publication. AHR: airway hyperresponsiveness; DMN: dimethylnitrosamine; TGF: transforming growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor; bFGF: basic fibroblast growth factor; IL: interleukin; SDF: stromal cell-derived factor; CXCL12: chemokine, CXC motif, ligand 12; IFN: interferon; HGF: hepatocyte growth factor; MMP: matrix metalloproteinase; TIMP: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase; TNF: tumour necrosis factor; MCP: monocyte chemoattractant protein. ^#: statistical significance not assessed.