Table 3.
Sample characteristics and treatment moderators: odds of recidivism & incidence of recidivism.
| Odds of recidivism |
Incidence of recidivism |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moderator | Level | k | OR | 95% CI | I 2 | p value b/w | k | IRR | 95% CI | I 2 | p value b/w |
| Sample characteristics | |||||||||||
| Mean age (Con) | Beta weight | 3 | 0.95 | (0.86, 1.05) | <0.001 | .35 | 5 | 1.05 | (1.02, 1.08) | <0.001 | < .001** |
| Mean age (Tr) | Beta weight | 3 | 0.96 | (0.87, 1.05) | <0.001 | .34 | 5 | 1.05 | (1.02, 1.09) | <0.001 | .001** |
| Pre-treatment mean (Con) | Beta weight | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1.19 | (1.07, 1.32) | <0.001 | .001** |
| Pre-treatment mean (Tr) | Beta weight | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 1.05 | (0.94, 1.18) | 57.40 | .35 |
| Proportion ATSI or Maori (Con) | Beta weight | 7 | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.02) | 58.32 | .59 | 4 | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.01) | 92.92 | .56 |
| Proportion ATSI or Maori (Tr) | Beta weight | 6 | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) | 23.29 | .39 | 4 | 0.99 | (0.98, 1.01) | 92.65 | .53 |
| Proportion male (Con) | Beta weight | 8 | 1.00 | (0.98, 1.03) | 55.35 | .70 | 6 | 0.98 | (0.96, 0.99) | 84.44 | .002** |
| Proportion male (Tr) | Beta weight | 8 | 1.02 | (1.01, 1.04) | <0.001 | < .001*** | 6 | 0.97 | (0.96, 0.99) | 85.35 | .004** |
| Proportion that completed order (Tr) | Beta weight | 7 | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.00) | <0.001 | .15 | 3 | 1.01 | (1.00, 1.02) | 60.23 | .03 |
| Proportion that were graduates (Tr) | Beta weight | 9 | 0.99 | (0.99, 1.00) | <0.001 | .30 | 7 | 1.01 | (0.99, 1.02) | 92.89 | .34 |
| Proportion that were terminates (Tr) | Beta weight | 8 | 1.00 | (0.99, 1.01) | <0.001 | .28 | 6 | 0.99 | (0.96, 1.02) | 93.14 | .44 |
| Treatment | |||||||||||
| Reported anger management (Tr) | No (ref) | 8 | 0.71 | (0.61, 0.83) | <0.001 | – | 4 | 0.71 | (0.59, 0.85) | 91.50 | – |
| Offered | 4 | 1.06 | (0.87, 1.29) | 9.94 | .002* | 3 | 0.96 | (0.68, 1.35) | 88.50 | .12 | |
| Reported any treatment offered (Con) | No (ref) | 8 | 0.86 | (0.70, 1.05) | 43.69 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 4 | 0.68 | (0.54, 0.86) | 4.57 | .14 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported CBT treatment (Tr) | No (ref) | 9 | 0.80 | (0.65, 0.98) | 54.69 | – | 4 | 0.77 | (0.57, 1.04) | 96.88 | – |
| Offered or required | 3 | 0.79 | (0.58, 1.07) | <0.001 | .93 | 3 | 0.85 | (0.66, 1.08) | 77.58 | .62 | |
| Reported counselling (Tr) | No (ref) | 3 | 0.61 | (0.47, 0.78) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Required | 2 | 0.77 | (0.55, 1.08) | <0.001 | .27 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Offered | 7 | 0.92 | (0.76, 1.12) | 31.89 | .009 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported detox treatment (Tr) | No (ref) | 8 | 0.79 | (0.63, 0.99) | 58.08 | – | 4 | 0.90 | (0.65, 1.25) | 93.70 | – |
| Offered | 4 | 0.80 | (0.63, 1.02) | <0.001 | .97 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Offered or required | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 0.71 | (0.65, 0.78) | 50.29 | .17 | |
| Reported domestic violence programme (Tr) | No (ref) | 10 | 0.71 | (0.61, 0.84) | <0.001 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Offered | 2 | 1.01 | (0.74, 1.38) | 57.37 | .05 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported drug or alcohol testing (Tr) | No (ref) | 7 | 0.86 | (0.69, 1.06) | 48.24 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Offered or required | 5 | 0.69 | (0.56, 0.86) | 1.28 | .17 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported drug or alcohol treatment (Tr) | Offered (ref) | 4 | 0.84 | (0.62, 1.14) | 67.19 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Required | 8 | 0.73 | (0.61, 0.88) | <0.001 | .43 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported housing support (Tr) | No (ref) | 6 | 0.83 | (0.64, 1.08) | 62.76 | – | 3 | 0.95 | (0.75, 1.20) | 88.64 | – |
| Offered | 6 | 0.74 | (0.60, 0.91) | <0.001 | .49 | 4 | 0.69 | (0.55, 0.88) | 90.58 | .06 | |
| Reported life-skills training (Tr) | No (ref) | 7 | 0.83 | (0.66, 1.04) | 58.45 | – | 3 | 0.95 | (0.75, 1.20) | 88.64 | – |
| Offered | 5 | 0.72 | (0.57, 0.92) | <0.001 | .40 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Offered or required | – | – | – | – | – | 7 | 0.80 | (0.65, 0.99) | 94.38 | .28 | |
| Reported material aid (Tr) | No (ref) | 8 | 0.79 | (0.63, 0.99) | 57.83 | – | 4 | 0.75 | (0.64, 0.88) | 81.03 | – |
| Offered | 4 | 0.80 | (0.63, 1.01) | <0.001 | .94 | 2 | 0.82 | (0.45, 1.48) | 97.24 | .78 | |
| Reported measuring risk (Con) | No (ref) | 10 | 0.85 | (0.71, 1.01) | 38.92 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 2 | 0.62 | (0.43, 0.89) | 20.97 | .13 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported measuring risk (Tr) | No (ref) | 8 | 0.82 | (0.66, 1.04) | 52.60 | – | 5 | 0.85 | (0.67, 1.07) | 93.38 | – |
| Yes | 4 | 0.74 | (0.59, 0.92) | <0.001 | .50 | 2 | 0.69 | (0.48, 0.99) | 92.65 | .36 | |
| Reported mental health treatment (Tr) | No (ref) | 8 | 0.83 | (0.67, 1.04) | 52.65 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Offered | 4 | 0.72 | (0.57, 0.91) | <0.001 | .39 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported pharmacotherapy (Tr) | No (ref) | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 0.85 | (0.57, 1.26) | 95.70 | – |
| Offered | – | – | – | – | – | 4 | 0.75 | (0.64, 0.88) | 81.03 | .59 | |
| Reported prison intervention (Con) | No (ref) | 9 | 0.80 | (0.65, 0.98) | 54.71 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Yes | 3 | 0.79 | (0.58, 1.05) | <0.001 | .93 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported relapse prevention (Tr) | No (ref) | 8 | 0.79 | (0.64, 0.97) | 58.53 | – | 2 | 0.65 | (0.50, 0.83) | 92.78 | – |
| Offered or required | 4 | 0.81 | (0.61, 1.09) | <0.001 | .85 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Offered | – | – | – | – | – | 3 | 0.96 | (0.68, 1.35) | 88.50 | .07 | |
| Required | – | – | – | – | – | 2 | 0.77 | (0.63, 0.95) | 78.23 | .29 | |
| Reported support groups (Tr) | No (ref) | 8 | 0.78 | (0.62, 0.97) | 58.18 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Offered or required | 4 | 0.82 | (0.64, 1.07) | <0.001 | .74 | – | – | – | – | – | |
| Reported vocational or educational services (Tr) | No (ref) | 7 | 0.81 | (0.64, 1.03) | 57.52 | – | 4 | 0.82 | (0.69, 0.97) | 77.22 | – |
| Offered or required | 5 | 0.75 | (0.60, 0.94) | <0.001 | .61 | 3 | 0.77 | (0.51, 1.15) | 97.15 | .77 | |
| Total number of treatments offered (Tr) | Beta weight | 12 | 1.01 | (0.96, 1.06) | 47.75 | .67 | 7 | 1.01 | (0.93, 1.10) | 94.40 | .77 |
| Total number of treatments required (Tr) | Beta weight | 10 | 0.96 | (0.85, 1.09) | 41.71 | .51 | 7 | 0.93 | (0.81, 1.06) | 93.23 | .27 |
Note. *p < .05; **p < .01; ***p < .001; ATSI = Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander; CBT = cognitive behavioural therapy; Con = variable measured among control condition; ref = reference group; Tr = variable measured among treatment condition; p value b/w asterisks denote significance level of the difference between the moderator and reference category after Benjamini–Hochberg adjustment.