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. 2019 Dec 25;1:100007. doi: 10.1016/j.ese.2019.100007

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© 2019 The Authors

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 9 — The variation of relative ion percentage removal with membrane fixed charges concentration in the diluate channel of the spacer-free cell for feed Is = 593 mol/m³, ϕ_w,CEM = 0.5 L_w/L_sp, and ϕ_w,AEM = 0.4 L_w/L_sp. () c_F,CEM = 1600 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 1809 mol/m³ at L = 2 cm and V = 0.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 2400 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 2689 mol/m³ at L = 2 cm and V = 0.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 3210 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 3580 mol/m³ at L = 2 cm and V = 0.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 1600 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 1809 mol/m³ at L = 10 cm and V = 1.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 2400 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 2689 mol/m³ at L = 10 cm and V = 1.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 3210 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 3580 mol/m³ at L = 10 cm and V = 1.3 V.

The variation of relative ion percentage removal with membrane fixed charges concentration in the diluate channel of the spacer-free cell for feed Is = 593 mol/m³, ϕ_w,CEM = 0.5 L_w/L_sp, and ϕ_w,AEM = 0.4 L_w/L_sp. () c_F,CEM = 1600 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 1809 mol/m³ at L = 2 cm and V = 0.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 2400 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 2689 mol/m³ at L = 2 cm and V = 0.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 3210 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 3580 mol/m³ at L = 2 cm and V = 0.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 1600 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 1809 mol/m³ at L = 10 cm and V = 1.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 2400 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 2689 mol/m³ at L = 10 cm and V = 1.3 V, () c_F,CEM = 3210 mol/m³ and c_F,AEM = 3580 mol/m³ at L = 10 cm and V = 1.3 V.