Table 1.
Sample characteristics (five periods pooled data).
| Variables | 2005 | 2008 | 2011 | 2014 | 2018 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Community support, % | 33.43 | 26.24 | 50.52 | 62.51 | 64.98 |
| Social participation, % | 36.11 | 29.70 | 36.89 | 38.53 | 40.39 |
| Gender, % | 48.53 | 48.59 | 51.75 | 51.76 | 49.55 |
| Age, mean (SD) | 82.92 (11.16) | 83.84 (10.82) | 82.25 (10.28) | 82.38 (9.30) | 80.91 (10.54) |
| Residence, % | 45.06 | 39.73 | 48.78 | 47.66 | 59.29 |
| Education level, % | 45.53 | 44.47 | 51.62 | 51.84 | 63.69 |
| Marital status, % | 40.17 | 40.30 | 48.18 | 48.13 | 53.07 |
| ADL, % | 86.74 | 89.80 | 86.27 | 87.84 | 88.02 |
| IADL, % | 42.44 | 42.10 | 47.46 | 49.53 | 47.08 |
| Smoke, % | 39.74 | 37.43 | 38.72 | 33.58 | 33.04 |
| Drink, % | 36.57 | 33.54 | 34.83 | 28.27 | 28.47 |
| Exercise, % | 49.80 | 45.25 | 50.95 | 37.90 | 45.48 |
| Sleep quality, % | |||||
| Very good | 15.18 | 13.24 | 19.87 | 17.05 | 16.32 |
| Good | 51.21 | 52.70 | 44.00 | 46.78 | 37.54 |
| General | 24.10 | 24.50 | 24.33 | 25.63 | 31.83 |
| Bad | 8.81 | 8.91 | 10.78 | 9.63 | 12.3 |
| Very bad | 0.70 | 0.64 | 1.02 | 0.91 | 2.01 |
| Depression, % | 12.87 | 15.85 | 9.59 | 9.90 | 8.47 |
| Relative economic level, % | |||||
| Very rich | 1.46 | 1.09 | 1.51 | 1.84 | 2.98 |
| Relatively rich | 16.27 | 13.16 | 17.89 | 16.83 | 17.89 |
| General | 67.55 | 68.65 | 67.65 | 72.00 | 70.29 |
| Relatively poor | 12.42 | 14.57 | 10.72 | 8.06 | 7.82 |
| Very poor | 2.31 | 2.54 | 2.23 | 1.27 | 1.01 |
| Sufficient source of livelihood, % | 79.34 | 77.92 | 81.87 | 84.24 | 87.59 |
| N | 10,492 | 9,461 | 5,289 | 3,636 | 6,601 |