TABLE 3.

Effect of modafinil on continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) withdrawal

First author, year [ref.]	Methods and setting	Participants	Intervention	Outcomes	Results
Williams, 2008 [81]	RCT, crossover Sydney	n=12, ESS 6.4±3.1, CPAP users	CPAP withdrawal one night then modafinil versus placebo	Driving simulation, STISIM, CFF, PSQI, FSS, CPAP diary, ESS, SSS	No change in reaction times, CFF Sleepiness reduced with modafinil (SSS p=0.03)
Williams, 2010 [82]	RCT, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover Sydney	n=21, male, CPAP users	CPAP withdrawal 2 nights then modafinil versus placebo	Driving simulation, PVT, KSS	Modafinil improved PVT, driving simulation, KSS (p=0.01)
Wang, 2015 [83]	RCT, double-blind placebo-controlled crossover Sydney	n=23, male CPAP users	CPAP withdrawal 2 nights then modafinil versus placebo	Driving simulation, PVT, KSS, PSG, awake EEG	Modafinil improved EEG activation which correlates to improved neurocognitive performance and reduced sleepiness

CFF: critical flicker fusion; EEG: electroencephalography; ESS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale; FSS: fatigue severity scale; KSS: Karolinska Sleepiness Scale; PSG: polysomnogram; PSQI: Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index; PVT: psychomotor vigilance task; STISIM: driving simulator; RCT: randomised controlled trial; SSS: Stanford Sleepiness Scale.