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a) Schematic depiction of the three major pathways capable of producing ceramide with relevant enzymes (italics) and therapeutic inhibition points (arrows) indicated. b) Schematic representation of the three major reactions involving ceramide as substrate. Relevant enzymes are listed in italics, and options for so-called “sphingosine 1-phosphate rescue” are indicated by arrows. −: inhibitory actions; +: promoter actions.
