TABLE 1.

Empiric treatment for hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-acquired pneumonia according to the 2017 International European Respiratory Society/European Society of Intensive Care Medicine/European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases/Latin American Thoracic Association guidelines

Low mortality risk (<15%)	Monotherapy Narrow-spectrum agent active against nonresistant Gram-negative and MSSA (e.g. ertapenem, ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, moxifloxacin or levofloxacin)
High mortality risk (>15%)
Non-septic shock	Single antipseudomonal agent (e.g. imipenem, meropenem, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, levofloxacin or ceftazidime)
Septic shock	Two antipseudomonal antibiotics: antipseudomonal β-lactam or cephalosporin PLUS aminoglycoside or antipseudomonal quinolone
High risk of MDR pathogens	MRSA: add linezolid or vancomycin
	Acinetobacter spp. and ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae: two antipseudomonal antibiotics Choice of second agent to be based on common isolation: colistin for Acinetobacter carbapenem for ESBL-producing germs

MDR: multidrug-resistant; MSSA: methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus; MRSA: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; ESBL: extended-spectrum β-lactamases.