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Self-propelling, stiff extracellular matrix (ECM)-induced lung fibrosis. Initially, growth factor-activated fibroblasts (dark green) progress to fully activated fibroblasts (red) that increase stiffness through excessive collagen cross-linking, which provides physical cues to activate fibroblasts. TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; CTGF: connective tissue growth factor; PDGF: platelet-derived growth factor. Figure partially created using BioRender.com.
