TABLE 1.
Summary of surfactant changes chronic pulmonary diseases
| Pulmonary disease | Model | Phospholipids | Surfactant proteins | Surface activity | References |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | Human (infants) | ↓↓↓ | ↓ SP-A | ↓↓↓ | [24–26, 52, 53] |
| Mice (SP-B−/−) | No data | ↓ | ↓↓↓ | [54, 55] | |
| Pulmonary alveolar proteinosis | Human | ↑↑↑ (↑ %PI, ↓ %PG and %PC) | ↑ all | ↓ in ABCA3 mutations | [31–35, 37, 39] |
| Mice (GM-CSF−/−) | ↑↑↑ | = or ↑ SP-A | = | [40, 56–59] | |
| Pulmonary infection | |||||
| Various | Human (children) | ↑ total (↓ PC) | ↓ SP-A | ↓↓↓ | [60, 61] |
| Respiratory syncytial virus | Human (infants) | ↑ total | ↓ SP-A, SP-B and SP-D | No data | [14, 62, 63] |
| Mice | = | No data | ↓↓↓ | [64] | |
| Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia | Mice | = | No data | ↓↓↓ | [65] |
| Asthma | |||||
| Baseline | Human (children and adults) | = total (↓ or = %DPPC) | No data | = | [60, 66–70] |
| Guinea pigs (OA) | = total, PC, PI, PE and PG | No data | ↓↓ | [71, 72, 73] | |
| Acute asthma attack and allergen challenge | Human (children and adults) | = total (↓ %DPPC) | No data | ↓↓↓ | [67, 70, 74] |
| Mice (Aspergillus fumigatus) | No data | ↓ SP-B | ↓↓↓ | [75] | |
| Pulmonary fibrosis | |||||
| Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis | Human | ↓ total (↑ PI, ↓ PG and ↓ DPPC) | = SP-D, ↓ SP-A | No data | [36, 76–81] |
| Rats (bleomycin) | ↑ total | = SP-A | ↓↓ | [82, 83] | |
| Mice (bleomycin) | ↑ total (↑ PC and PG, ↓ PE) | No data | ↓↓ | [84–86, 87, 88] | |
| Mice (TGF-β1) | No data | ↓ SP-B and SP-C | ↓↓ | [89] | |
| Silicosis | Human | ↓ total | No data | No data | [76] |
| Mice (silica) | ↑ total | ↑ SP-A | No data | [90] | |
| Cigarette smoking | Mice | = or ↑ total (↓ %PC, ↑ oxPC) | = SP-B | No data | [91–93, 94, 95] |
| Rats | = total (↓ %DPPC) | ↓ SP-A, SP-B | ↓↓ | [96, 97, 98] | |
| Human (healthy smokers) | = or ↓ total (↑ %PE, ↑ % PG, ↓ %PC) | ↓ SP-A, SP-D | ↓↓ | [99, 100, 101–106, 107] | |
| COPD | Human | = or ↓ total (= or ↓ %PG, %PC) | ↓ SP-A, = SP-B, SP-C, SP-D | No data | [91, 102, 108, 109, 110, 111, 112] |
| E-cigarette vaping | Mice | ↑ total (↑ DSPC, MPPC, = DPPC) | ↓ SP-A, SP-D | No data | [113] |
| Human | No data | No data | No data | ||
ABCA3: ATP binding cassette subfamily A member 3; DPPC: dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine; DSPC: distearoylphosphatidylcholine; GM-CSF: granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor; MPPC: monopalmitoylphosphatidylcholine; oxPC: oxidised phosphatidylcholine; PC: phosphatidylcholine; PE: phosphorylethanolamine; PG: phosphatidylglycerol; PI: phosphatidylinositol; SP: surfactant protein; TGF-β1: transforming growth factor-β1.