TABLE 1.

Clinical performance of selected examples^# of breath analysis in cancer

Cancer	Method	Ref.	Differential diagnosis			Diagnosis			Monitoring			Classification/staging
			Sens.	Spec.	Acc.	Sens.	Spec.	Acc.	Sens.	Spec	Acc.	Sens.	Spec.	Acc.
Lung	Low-dose CT	[2, 3]	80–100	>90		52–65	48–79	PPV 100				52–91	48–95	PPV 79; NPV 78–93
	Breath analysis	[4–9]	60–100	57–100	59–94	70–91	73–88	88	28–93	75–100	80–92	78–92	73–95	83–88
Breast	Mammography	[10, 11]	93–96	89–93	71–87	42–88	75–92	70
	Breath analysis	[12, 13]	63–94	76–82	71–88							71–100	70–100	71–100
Ovarian	CA125 and TVU	[14]	77–89	75–99
	Breath analysis	[15, 16]				59–83	61–100	61–89
Gastric	Gastroscopy	[17]				69–84	85–96
	Breath analysis	[18–21]	71–97	87–91	77–96	73–96	98	92–95				45–93	41–98	43–92
Colorectal	Colonoscopy	[22, 23]	66–99	30–100	70–96	88–98	82–99
	Breath analysis	[24]				85	94	91				100	88	94

Data are presented as percentages and represent either a range of results (when more than one study is included) or a single result (when only one study tested the specific application). Sens.: sensitivity; Spec.: specificity; Acc.: accuracy; CT: computed tomography; TVU: transvaginal ultrasound; PPV: positive predictive value; NPV: negative predictive value. ^#: data based on selected representative studies rather than a comprehensive literature review.