TABLE 1.

Ventilatory and pharmacological management of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) per responsive phenotype

Intervention	Suggested/recommended	Responsive phenotype
NIV	Recommended	Early phase of respiratory failure, with rapid response after start of NIV
Tracheotomy	Suggested	Prolonged mechanical ventilation
Low tidal volumes	Recommended	All patients with ARDS
Plateau pressure <30 cmH2O	Recommended	All patients with ARDS
Driving pressure <15 cmH2O	Suggested	All patients with ARDS
High PEEP strategy	Recommended	PaO2/FIO2 <200
Prone position	Recommended	PaO2/FIO2 <150
Neuromuscular blocking agents	Recommended	PaO2/FIO2 <150 and first 48 h of ARDS
Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation	Suggested	Patients requiring rescue therapy
Glucocorticosteroids	Suggested	No responsive phenotype identified

NIV: noninvasive ventilation; PEEP: positive end-expiratory pressure; P_aO2: arterial oxygen tension; F_IO2: inspiratory oxygen fraction.