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Fluorescence confocal micrograph images of human ciliated nasal epithelial cells showing presence (normal) or absence (examples here from different primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) patients) of ciliary proteins by labelling with antibodies against DNALI1 (inner dynein arm), DNAH5 (outer dynein arm) and RSPH4A (radial spoke head) in red. β-tubulin was used as a consistent cilium marker (green) and cell nuclei were counterstained with DAPI (blue). Scale bar=40 μm.
