Table 1.

Overview of muscle activations found in six Carnivora taxa. Caniformia: Czechoslovakian wolfdogs, Bornean sun bears and African wild dogs. Feliformia: spotted hyaenas, meerkats^a and lions^a. Fifty-nine open-mouth faces were coded from Czechoslovakian wolfdogs (Italy), 20 from rehabilitant sun bears at the Bornean Sun Bear Conservation Centre (Malaysia), 10 from wild dogs at the Dvur Kralove Zoo (Czech Republic), and 10 from wild spotted hyaenas at the Siyafunda Wildlife & Conservation (Limpopo, South Africa).

action unit (AU)	wolfdog	sun bear	wild dog	hyaena	meerkat	lion
AU109 + 110 Nose Wrinkler + Upper Lip Raiser	present	present	present	present	present	present
AU12 Lip Corner Puller	present	present	present	present	present	present
AU16/116 Lower Lip Depressor	not coded	present	not found	not found	present	present
AU25 Lips Parted	present	present	present	present	present	present
AU26 Jaw Drop	present	present	present	present	present	present
AU27 Mouth Stretch	present	present	present	present	present	present

^aOnline videos coded on 6 February 2022: https://www.smithsonianmag.com/videos/category/smithsonian-channel/baby-meerkats-at-play/; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KYM57FroGQ8. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjjIQvjZ1Qc; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TeCkm-BEZ-8.