. 2022 Apr 30;14(2):167–181. doi: 10.34172/mejdd.2022.270

Table 1: Some recent studies associated with risk factors of NAFLD and NASH .

Study design	Assessment of NAFLD and NASH	Conclusion	Reference
MEDLINE via PubMed, Embase, Scopus and CINAHL were searched forstudiesfrom 2000- 2020.	Post liver-transplant BMI and hyperlipidemia were the predictors of NAFLD and NASH	NAFLD and NASH after liver transplant are associated with metabolic risk factors	Saeed et al⁷⁵
Retrospective analysis of 144 patients diagnosed with NASH between 2015 and 2017.	Low free tri-iodothyronine is associated with higher NAFLD and NASH	A low-normal thyroid hormone function may have a pathogenic role in modulating NAFLD and NASH.	Manka et al⁷⁶
Systemic review and meta-analysis of publication between 2000 to 2018	NAFLD was diagnosed either by imaging or by histopathology	The presence and severity of NAFLD are linked with reduced whole-body bone marrow density Z score in children and adolescents.	Mantovani et al⁴¹
Cross-sectional study on 17 patients with simple steatosis, 15 with NASH, and 22 with living liver donors.	NASH was associated with a high level of plasma retinol level and overexpression of AKR1B10.	An altered retinol metabolism is involved in the process of hepatic fibrosis.	Pettinelli et al⁷⁷
A narrative review and literature search from PubMed, Ovid Medline, and the Cochrane Library database until 2018	Sarcopenia is coupled with NAFLD independent of obesity, IR, or metabolic syndrome.	Management of sarcopenia has become an important issue in the management of patients with chronic liver disease.	Hsu et al⁷⁸
A critical review on the relationship between vitamin D deficiency and NAFLD/NASH.	Liver biopsy, imaging techniques, and liver ultrasound have been considered as the most widely used techniques to identify NASH.	The deficiency of vitamin D has been linked to the pathogenesis and severity of NAFLD because of vitamin D pleiotropic functions.	Pacifico et al⁷⁹
A retrospective study	Extensive NAF-P is predictive of advance fibrosis	NAF-P is strongly linked with NAFLD.	Rosenblatt et al⁸⁰
A systemic review and meta-analysis	NAFLD and urolithiasis were diagnosed by either ultrasonography or computerized tomography	NAFLD is associated with an increased risk of urolithiasis.	Qin et al⁸¹
Patients with NAFLD who had undergone liver biopsy were specified from a prospectively maintained database.	The diagnosis of NAFLD is defined by the presence of ³	Modest (1-70 g per week) alcohol consumption, particularly wine in a non-binge pattern, is related with lower fibrosis in patient with NAFLD.	Mitchell et al⁸²
A cross-sectional pilot study consisting of biopsy-proven patients with NASH	Liver fibrosis ³	Lean patients with NASH showed a lack of Lactobacillus compared with overweight and obese patients with NASH.	Duarte et al⁸³

Abbreviations: NAFLD, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NASH, Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis; HCC, Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV, Hepatitis B virus; ASH, Alcoholic steatohepatitis; ALT, Alanine aminotransferase; GGT, Gamma-glutamyl transferase; ROS, Reactive oxygen species; MUFA, Monounsaturated fatty acids; PUFA, Polyunsaturated fatty acids; TG, Triglycerides; ER, Endoplasmic reticular; DNL, De novo lipogenesis; FFA, Free fatty acid; IR, Insulin resistance; VLDL, Very low-density lipoprotein; T2DM, Type 2 diabetes mellitus; OSA, Obstructive sleep apnea; BMI, Body mass index; US, Ultrasonography; HDL, High-density lipoprotein; LDL, Low-density lipoprotein; NAFPD, Non-alcoholic fatty pancreatic disease; NAF-P, Non-alcoholic fatty pancreas disease; TNF-α, Tumor necrosis factor-α; IL, Interleukin; IRS, Insulin receptor substrates; HSC, Hepatic stellate cell; ETC, Electron transport chain; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; TE, Transient elastography; MR, Magnetic resonance; MRI, Magnetic resonance imaging.