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. 2022 Sep 14;8(9):e10650. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10650

Table 3.

The use of kinship terms in the context of giving suggestion.

Age Groups Listeners Social Distance Examples
11–21 Older Close (3a) Tabék, ajak tapettu rennuangDaéng.Sabarakki
‘Sorry, don't give up older sister/brother. Be patient’
Distant (3b) Taddampengekka marajaDaéngdé upagguruki tapi massélé pikirakki dé na weddikki putus asa
‘So sorry, older sister/brother! I don't mean to teach you, but we should share ideas and don't give up!’
Coeval Close (3c) SabbarakkiSilong, makkua mémennitu iyasengngé attuo-tuongeng.
‘Be patient, friend! That's life!’
Distant (3d) Tabék sebelumnaSilongkoro makkutu masalata aja tamagatti putus asa atau menyerah... Tajadikangngi yaro masalahta sebagai semangatta sehingga nullékki tahang nakko nakennaki masalah sippada yédé
‘Sorry, friend! If that is the problem, don't give up. Turn your problems into reasons for your enthusiasm, so you can survive if you face another problem!’
Younger Close (3e) Dékma na magagaNdi, engkamak bantuki
‘It's okay younger sister/brother! I can help you.’
Distant (3f)Ndiaja ta magatti menyerah berusahaki sih
‘Younger sister/bother don't give up easily! Keep it up!’
22–43 Older Close (3g) Ajak tapettu rennuDaéng, dégaga masalah dégaga lalenna
‘Don't give up easily older sister/brother! There is always a way out if you have a problem!’
Distant (3h) TabékDaéng, méllau dampekka maraja. Uparingngerangimikik makkeda makurankkanjak i narékko mappakkukik ro
‘Sorry older sister/brother, I am sorry. I just want to remind you that it is worse if you do that.’
Coeval Close (3i) Ajak na mamasussa atitaSappo, insyaAllah madécéng mokiktu matu
‘Don't feel bad cousin, God willing, everything is going to be fine.’
Distant (3j) Makkomémessa yasengngé linoSilessureng, sabbarak pi najaji
‘That's just how it is in the world, sibling! We have to be patient!’
Younger Close (3k) SabbarakkiNdi
‘Be patient, younger sister/brother!’
Distant (3l) TabékNdi, dék naweddikki mappakkuro paimeng
‘Sorry younger sister/brother, you cannot do it again!’
44–65 Older Close (3m) TasabbarakengiDaéng,engkamo tu matu séua wettu na taruntuk i décéngé
‘You have to be patient, older sister/brother. Someday, you will find what you dream of!’
Distant (3n) TaddampengekkaDaéng,dékro upangajarikik, uparingngerangimi makkeda dék naweddikki makkutu. Maéga tau liwekpa na idik.
‘I am sorry, older sister/brother, I don't mean to advise you, I just want to remind you that there are people out there who face worse problems.’
Coeval Close (3o) Ajak tamasara wéggangNdi
‘Don't be too sad, younger sister/brother.’
Distant (3p) Sappani laleng madécéngNdiiya pura laloé pakkuaniro engkamotu matu pawalekna
‘Find a solution, younger sister/brother. What happened, there will be a reward for this.’
Younger Close (3q) Parellu tapakanjaki jolok ajak silalona tappa tapasalaiNdi. Iyako parallui tasapparengngi laleng makanja
‘You need to fix this, younger sister/brother. Better find a way out!’
Distant (3r) SabbarakkiNdi, tapakkuaniro, ajakna tuli tapikiriki Insya Allah madécéng wassélékna.
‘Be patient, younger sister/brother. Let it be. Don't overthink about it. God willing, the result will be good!’.