Table 4.
The Use of kinship terms in the context of requesting for help.
| Age Groups | Listeners | Social Distance | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 11–21 | Older | Close | (4a) | TabékEmma,taddampengekka maraja tatulukka jolok talai sessak é apak élok i bosi loppo gunturuk-gunturuk i na engka ujama |
| ‘Excuse me, mother, forgive me but please get my clothes outside. It seems like it's going to rain based on the sound of the thunder. I am doing something now.’ | ||||
| Distant | (4b) | TabékDaéng,tatulukka jolok alakka caré-caréku ya uessoi é nasaba gunturuk-gunturuk i élok bosi loppo na engka ujama dé na wedding usalai | ||
| ‘Excuse me older sister/brother, please take the clothes that I left outside since it's thundering and it's going to rain. I am doing something I can't stop now.’ | ||||
| Coeval | Close | (4c) | Daéngtapulungi jolok pakeangé | |
| ‘Older sister/brother, collect my clothes (that are drying outside)!’ | ||||
| Distant | (4d) | TabékSilong, méllau tulukka talakka céddé sessakku ya uessoi é | ||
| ‘Excuse me, friend, please help me get the clothes that I left outside to dry.’ | ||||
| Younger | Close | (4e) | Ndilaoki pulungi pakeangé | |
| ‘Younger sister/brother, go collect the clothes (that are drying)’ | ||||
| Distant | (4f) | Anri, weddingngi idi malai sapatukku? | ||
| ‘Younger sister/brother, can you get my shoes?’ | ||||
| 22–43 | Older | Close | (4g) | TabékEmmatadampengekkak taullé ga massu malékka wajukku apana engka wessoi nasaba éloi bosi loppo witaé |
| ‘Excuse me, mother. I am sorry but can (you) go out and get my clothes because I left them outside to dry (on the line) and it seems like it's going to rain.’ | ||||
| Distant | (4h) | Daéng,tabék... mélokka méllau tulung diyalang sessakku narékko tasempakimui..apana engka kasi jama-jamangku dé nawedding usalai | ||
| ‘Older sister/brother, excuse me… I want to ask for your help to get my clothes if you can, because there is something I do that I can't stop’ | ||||
| Coeval | Close | (4i) | Daéng...tatulung muna diyalang assessarengku diyolo bolaé.engka kasi uwessoi na dé ullei salai jama-jamangku hé | |
| ‘Older sister/brother, help me to get my clothes in the front yard. I put them out to dry and I can't stop my work now.’ | ||||
| Distant | (4j) | Tabék taalakka jolok caré-carékuSilessureng, nasaba bosi | ||
| Excuse me, get my clothes, sister/brother, because it's going to rain. | ||||
| Younger | Close | (4k) | Ndi...tatulungka. talai sessaé diyolo bolaé. Engka tu uwessoi. Dé ulléi salai jamang-jamangku yahé | |
| Younger sister/brother, please, get the clothes that I left outside to dry. I can't stop the work I am doing.’ | ||||
| Distant | (4l) | TabékNdik, méloka milau tulukung, angka sessaku okko halamangé mélo yala apana mélo bosi | ||
| Excuse me, younger sister/brother, please help me. There are clothes that I left in the yard to dry that need to be brought in because it's going to rain.’ | ||||
| 44–65 | Older | Close | (4m) | TaddampengengaNdi, méllautulungnga tapulungengka sessakku |
| ‘Sorry, younger sister/brother, please help me bring in my clothes.’ | ||||
| Distant | (4n) | TabékDaéngtaddampengenga tatulungsaka kasik jolok taampérengnga sepatuku yasékna pangngatek é urakkoi saba méloi wita bosi | ||
| ‘Excuse me, older sister/brother, sorry, please help (me) bring in the shoes that I left outside, next to the door, to dry because it seems like it's going to rain.’ | ||||
| Coeval | Close | (4o) | Alai jolok caré-carékuDaéng, mélo bosi | |
| ‘Get my clothes, older sister/brother. It's going to rain.’ | ||||
| Distant | (4p) | TabékSilessureng, taakkarengnga asessakekku engka ri saliweng bola | ||
| ‘Excuse me, my sibling, help (me) get the clothes I dried outside.’ | ||||
| Younger | Close | (4q) | Pulungessaka jolok caré-carékuNdimélo bosi | |
| ‘Get my clothes, younger sister/brother. It's going to rain.’ | ||||
| Distant | (4r) | TabékNdi', taakkarengnga asessakekku engka ri saliweng bola | ||
| ‘Excuse me, younger sister/brother, help (me) to bring in my clothes from the front yard.’ | ||||