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. 2022 Sep 14;8(9):e10650. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10650

Table 5.

The use of kinship terms in the context of invitation for having some food.

Age Groups Listeners Social Distance Examples
11–21 Older Close (5a) Matupi talisuDaéng, onroki jolok manré, purani ipassadia gagaé ilaleng
‘You can go home later, older sister/brother. Stay and eat with us. It has been already prepared.’
Distant (5b) Tabék, lokkaki yolo mabbura-bura nappa lésuDaéng
Excuse me, let us eat a little bit first, then leave, older sister/brother.’
Coeval Close (5c) Anréki yoloSilonappa lisu.
‘Eat first, friend, then leave.’
Distant (5d) Matupi talisuSilessurengmaini manré
‘Leave a little later, sibling, come, let us eat.’
Younger Close (5e) Tamanréna jolok nappaki massimangNdi
‘Let us eat first, then before you leave, younger sister/brother.’
Distant (5f) Ndimanréki nappa lisu
‘Younger sister/brother, let us eat then leave.’
22–43 Older Close (5g) Matupi taréweDaéng, manréki yolo
‘Leave later, older sister/brother, eat first.’
Distant (5h) TabékDaéngajana talésu yolo, na olliki emmaku létték manré
‘Excuse me, older sister/brother, don't go home now yet! My mother asks you to stay and eat.’
Coeval Close (5i) Purapi mulésu, manrénki yoloSappo
‘Leave later. Eat first, cousin!’
Distant (5j) TabékSilessureng, anréki jolok nappa lisu
‘Excuse me, sibling, eat first, then return home.’
Younger Close (5k) Tapada létték jolok mabbura-buraNri'
Let us move over and eat together, younger sister/brother!’
Distant (5l) Tabék, purapi manré tamaddékNdi
Excuse me, and you can leave after eating, younger sister/brother.’
44–65 Older Close (5m) Lettékki yolo mabbura-buraDaéng..cinappi taréwek
‘Stay first to eat, older sister/brother. You can leave in a little while.’
Distant (5n) TabékDaéng. Wedding kapang tapada manréna jolok nappaki lisu
‘Excuse me, older sister/brother. Maybe we can eat together before you leave.’
Coeval Close (5o) Cinappi mulisuNdi, manréki jolok
‘Leave later, younger sister/brother. Eat first!’
Distant (5p) Matupi taréwekSappo,tamakni mai jolok manré sabak purani mappatala tomatowaé
‘You should leave later, cousin, let us eat something because my parent has prepared some.’
Younger Close (5q) Tamakni maihéNdi, cinampepi mulésu, pimmali rékko sadiani na dék iyanréi
‘Come, younger sister/brother, you can leave later. It's a bad thing when there is food prepared that is not eaten.’
Distant (5r) Anréni jolokNdilé. Nappaki lisu
‘Eat first, younger sister/brother. Then go home.’