Table 1.

Food characteristics associated with choking in adults.

Food characteristics	Food	Reference
Fibrous, hard, firm, stringy, chewy, sticky, dry, crumbly, crunchy, shaped (round or long)	Bread, sandwiches, and toast	Cichero (2015)
Hard or dry; Chewy or sticky	Nuts, apple, seeds Lollies, marshmallow, chewing gum, popcorn, biscuits	Cichero (2018)
Soft slippery dome-shaped, “one bite”	jellies	Walker et al. (2012)
Large piece; Semisolid, adherent, crunchy, and round or long shapes	Meat; Banana, scrambled eggs, apricot, pasta, peanut butter sandwich, bread, potato chips, grape	Wick et al. (2006)
Solids and two or more pieces semisolids	Sausages on a bun, sandwiches, meatballs, meat and vegetables/noodles Puree, ground meat, mashed fruits	Berzlanovich et al. (2005)
High cohesive and adhesive	Mochi	Sanpei et al. (2014)