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. 2022 Jul 7;31(4-5):489–504. doi: 10.1007/s11248-022-00315-9

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — A conceptual map of stressors, primary effects, and secondary effects associated with larvicides and genetically engineered mosquitoes for malaria management in sub-Saharan Africa. *denotes the hypothetical case that the genetically engineered protein is toxic to both the target larvae and non-target organisms even though all current projects suggest that the protein will not be toxic