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. 2022 Jul 7;31(4-5):489–504. doi: 10.1007/s11248-022-00315-9

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© The Author(s) 2022, corrected publication 2022

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Fig. 2 — Potential primary and secondary effects of larvicides (left) and gene-drive mosquitoes (right) associated with trophic levels for aquatic ecosystems. Secondary and tertiary consumers are grouped together because the effects would apply to both levels. The “Gene-Drive Mosquitoes” graphic assumes that the active protein is not toxic to non-target organisms. The effects would apply mostly to Anopheles coluzzii and An. funestus because they are the only species that occupy semi-permanent and permanent water bodies