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. 2022 Sep 20;12:15705. doi: 10.1038/s41598-022-19697-1

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© The Author(s) 2022

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Schematics of the second level of tracking with a visual tracker. (a) An example of tracker prediction after the first level of tracking. Some defect cluster tracks are fragmented mainly due to missed detections (False Negatives) and it increases the chances of identity switches (ID SW: ID#3, 4, 5 are assigned to the same defect cluster). (b) The correction of missed detections by the visual tracker. Corrected missed detections are outlined in yellow. (c) The final output of DefectTrack shows uninterrupted and accurate tracking of three defect clusters with unique IDs throughout their lifetime.