Table 1.

Molecular markers, and their expression level changes, which occur during EMT.

Category/Function	Biomarker	EMT associated changes	Publications
Cell-cell attachment molecules	E-cadherin	↓	[28], [78]
	ZO-1, Occludins, Claudins	↓	[79], [80]
	Desmoplakin, plakoglobin	↓	[81]
	N-cadherin	↑	[82]
Cytoskeletal molecules	β-catenin	↓	[83], [84]
	Cytokeratin	↓	[85], [86]
	α-SMA	↑	[87]
	Vimentin	↑	[88]
	FSP-1	↑	[89]
Transcriptional factors	Snail¸ Slug (Snail-2)	↑	[14], [83]
	Twist	↑	[90]
	LEF-1	↑	[91]
	ZEB-1	↑	[92]
	NF-κB	↑	[2], [93]
	SOX 10	↑	[94], [95]
	FOXC2	↑	[96], [97]
ECM proteins	Collagen I, III	↑	[98]
	Collagen IV	↓	[99]
	Fibronectin	↑	[45]
	Laminin	↓	[100]
Cell-BM attachment proteins	Integrin α6β4	↓	[14]
	Integrin α5β1, αVβ6	↑	[101], [102]
Proteolytic enzymes	MMP-9, − 2, − 3	↑	[45], [103]

Abbreviations: ZO-1: Zonula occludens-1, α-SMA: α-smooth muscle actin, FSP-1: Fibroblast-specific protein 1, LEF-1: Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1, ZEB-1: zinc finger and homeodomain transcription factor 1, NF-κB: Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells, MMP: Matrix metallopeptidase.