Table 1.

Bioceramics for alveolar bone and cementum regeneration.

Bioceramics	Target tissue	Features	Ref
Hydroxyapatite (HA)	Cementum, Alveolar bone	Similar composition to the inorganic phase of bone Osteoconductive Slow degradation	29,31
tricalcium phosphates (TCP)	Alveolar bone, cementum	Similar composition to the inorganic phase of bone Higher stability Osteoconductive Bioabsorbable Β-TCP: Similar degradation kinetic to the autologous grafts	32, 33, 34
Bioactive glass	Alveolar bone, cementum	Osteoconductive and osteoblast cell differentiation Similar composition to the inorganic phase of bone Biocompatible with the different degradation rate Degradation products improve the osteogenesis, angiogenesis, and antibacterial activities	28,35,36
Nagelschmidtite (Ca7Si2P2O16)	Alveolar bone, cementum	Suitable mechanical properties and degradation rate for spongy bone regeneration Favorable apatite formation and angiogenesis Improved osteogenesis and cementogenesis compared to HA and TCP	37
Silicocarnotite (Ca2SiO4.Ca(PO4)2)	Alveolar bone, cementum	Better mechanical properties and manufacturability compared to Nagelschmidtite Better bone formation, osteogenesis, and cementogenesis compared to the HA	37
Nurse's Ass-phase (2Ca2SiO4.Ca3(PO4)2)	Alveolar bone, cementum	Favorable bone formation and degradation rate Lower bone formation compares to other Silicate based bioceramics	37
Other silicate-based bioceramics:	Alveolar bone, cementum	Great cellular properties Excellent ability in improving cell proliferation and differentiation to osteogenic of PDLCs Great cementum formation compares to other bioceramics Increasing expression of osteocalcin and bone sialoprotein	30
Akermanite (Ca2MgSi2O7)
Bredigite (Ca7MgSi4O16)
Baghdadite (Ca3ZrSi2O9)
Diopside (CaMgSi2O6)