Table 3.
Researches on synthetic polymer-based layered scaffolds for periodontal regeneration.
| Biomaterial | Target periodontal tissue | Method of fabrication | Significant features and results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PCL/(β-TCP) | Alveolar bone/other periodontal component: PDL, cementum | cell-seeded biphasic Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) for lower layer (bone component + osteoblast culture) Electrospinning for upper layer (PDL cell sheets) |
β-TCP: suitable for bone formation Deposition of thin mineralized cementum-like tissue on the dentin surface by incorporating the multiple PDL cell sheets Better attachment onto the dentin surface compared to no attachment when no cell sheets. New approach by using both multiple PDL cell sheets and a biphasic scaffold for enhancement delivery of the cells. New formation of alveolar bone, PDL and cementum was observed in in-vivo test. |
94 |
| PCL/Sr-doped nano hydroxyapatite (Sr-nHA) | Alveolar bone cementum |
Trilayered 3D printing |
Sr-nHA: suitable for bone tissue due to the resemblance to inorganic phase. Great approach for 3D printing multilayered scaffolds and complex structure with high mechanical properties. Suitable for patient specific scaffolds. |
95 |
| Bottom layer: 20% Sr-nHA (bone component) | ||||
| Upper layer: 10% Sr-nHA (cementum) | ||||
| Starch/PCL (30:70 wt%; SPCL) | Periodontal tissue (specially for alveolar bone) | Bilayered Solvent casting Wet spinning |
SPCL solvent casting membrane: suitable obstacle for migration of gingival epithelium into the periodontal defect. SPCL fiber has enough biological, physical and chemical properties also suitable for periodontal tissue engineering. |
96 |
| 3D fiber mesh functionalized by silanol groups With Starch/PCL membrane (30:70 wt%; SPCL) | Alveolar bone | Bilayered Wet spinning |
Silanol group improve osteogenic properties. Promoting colonization with a distinct cellular population of the periodontium and prevent migration of endothelial cells to defect. |
97 |
| PCL/calcium phosphate (CP) | Bone/PDL | Bilayered Fused deposition modeled for bone. Melt electrospinning for periodontal compartment |
CP: Increase osteoconductivity Great attachment to dentin block and move to the rats for 8 weeks. New method to overcome challenges in layered scaffolds by combining the cell sheet and bilayered scaffolds |
98 |
| PCL/polyurethane (PU)/bioactive glass | Alveolar bone/other periodontal component: PDL, cementum | Bilayered Freeze drying |
Upper layer: PU: no porosity, excluding epithelial growth for bone regeneration Lower layer: PCL and bioactive glass: with suitable porosity for supporting metabolic activates Bioactive glass: increasing stability and mechanical properties of scaffold during healing process Great compatibility in both in vivo and in vitro tests No inflammation after 6 weeks implantation in rats No accumulation of host immune system after6 weeks |
99 |
| PGA/β-TCP | Alveolar bone Cementum PDL |
Trilayered Cell sheet technology |
β-TCP: has suitable biocompatibility, osteoconduction and resorption features promoted bone tissue formation in upper layer by incorporation of transplanted PDL cell sheets No significant harmful side effects No remarkable inflammation during 6 weeks of healing period in in vivo tests |
100 |
| PLGA and CP | Alveolar bone Cementum PDL |
Bilayered Solvent casting and deposition |
Macroprosities by CP in inner layer: improvement in osteoconductive properties and clot retention (because of PLGA). No collapse results in periodontal defect observed. Retained blood clot in buccal side. New bone, cementum, and fine PDL fiber in in vivo analysis was obtained. |
101 |
| PLGA Solid layer/porous layer | Alveolar bone | Bilayered Lyophilization |
Solid layer: inhibit the cell proliferation and subsequent connective tissue invasion Porous layer: improve proliferation and osteogenic differentiation Great in vivo results and facilitating tissue regeneration |
102 |