Table 4.
Different studies based on combining natural and synthetic polymers for layered scaffolds to improve periodontal regeneration.
| Biomaterials | Target periodontal tissue | Bilayered/Trilayered/method of fabrication | Significant characteristic of Biomaterial in the multiphasic scaffold | Significant results | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper layer: PCL/gelatin Lower layer PCL/gelatin/nano-HA Heparin in both layer |
Soft tissue (gingiva, PDL) Hard tissue (alveolar bone, cementum) |
Bilayered electrospinning |
HA: osteoblast proliferation and osteointegration/make filaments thinner, increase surface area/effect on conductivity of solution also decrease tensile forces the filament dimeter Heparin: Improve biological properties/increase the hydrophilicity also prepare suitable cell growth culture |
significant cell proliferation and differentiation and increase cell adhesion | 107 |
| layer of electrospun silk fibroin/PCL-PEG-PCL incorporating nano calcium phosphate (SPCA) layer of PCL membrane |
Alveolar bone | Bilayered Electrospinning Flame Spray Pyrolysis for incorporate phosphate Solvent casting |
Calcium phosphate: osteoconductive/enhance mechanical strength/improve water uptake capacity | After 10 days nucleation and growth of apatite around fibers were apparent | 108 |
| PCL/PLGA | Alveolar bone | Bilayered carbon dioxide solvent free forming |
PCL: lower viscosity and gain highly interconnected pores rather than PLGA | the PCL layer suited for the proliferation of osteoblasts and the PLGA layer inhibited the ingrowth of fibroblasts. | 109 |
| Upper layer: PLGA Lower layer: hydronic acid- acid dihyrazide (HA-ADH) |
Alveolar bone | Bilayered Chemical modification |
Chemical modification: increase the HA stability | In-vivo evaluation in rats showed new bone formation | 110 |
| Inner layer: fish collagen/outer layer: polyvinyl alcohol (Col/PVA) | Hard and soft tissue | Bilayered freezing/thawing for PVA Collagen coat into pre-set PVA without chemical crosslinker |
Fish collagen: stimulate human vascular endothelial cell proliferation, showed higher fibroblast viability than other natural biomaterials PVA: improve mechanical properties, physical barrier, prevent fast adhesion of epithelium |
Col/PVA dual layered was suitable membrane for GTR. The Col/PVA bilayered membrane had an obvious contact boundary line between layers. Layers also have hydrophilic property. This membrane could induce osteogenic effect on BMSC |
111 |
| Gelatin/PCL fiber | PDL Alveolar bone |
Bilayered electrospinning |
Aligned (fiber) PCL: facilitated to form and maturation collagen at periodontal defects than amorphous PCL | This scaffold could provide good attachment and tissue-mimicking microenvironments for “seeding cells”, that is, human periodontal ligament mesenchyme cells (PDLSCs) and may become potential for periodontal regenerative medicine. | 112 |
| magnesium (Mg)and hydroxyapatite (HA) and bromelain/PVA/collagen/sericin | Soft and hard tissue | Bilayered electrospinning |
Mg/HA/bromelain: enhanced the mechanical, Physico-chemical, thermal, and biological features of the scaffold and. Also mimicking the complex structure of extracellular matrix/bromelain has an antibacterial effect |
fabricated scaffold has provided a good support in early healing of damaged periodontium with multiple tissue type by promoting cellular attachment, growth, and migration both in vitro and vivo studies | 82 |
| Upper layer: chitosan, Pluronic F127, and crosslinking agent Hydroxypropyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) Middle layer: chitosan/HPMC/Bioactive glass25% (BG) Lower layer: chitosan/BG 50%/HPMC |
Alveolar bone | trilayered lyophilization |
Upper layer: prevented the invasion of cells/not cell adhesion due to the not BG Lower layer: formed the porous structure/form alveolar bone/cell proliferation |
It is concluded that the trilayered membrane with bioactive glass gradient (0–50 wt%)could be applied asGTR/GBR membranes for the treatment of periodontitis. | 113 |
| Chitosan/PCL/gelatin | Periodontal tissue | Multilayered electrospinning |
Gelatin: biological properties PCL: mechanical strength Gelatin/PCL: hydrophilicity and suitable degradation rate Chitosan: improve the hemostasis properties/antibacterial/cell proliferation, differentiation |
multifunctional composite scaffolds showed optimized structure, enhanced regenerative capabilities, accelerating blood clotting and serve as a basis for approaches to improve GTR designs for periodontal regeneration. | 114 |
| Chitosan/PLGA/nano -bio active glass (n BG)/rhCEMP1/rhFGF2/PRP/ | Alveolar bone (chitin + PLGA + n-BG + PRP) Cementum (chitin _ PLGA + n-BG + rhCEMP1 PDL (chitin + PLGA + rhFGF2) |
Trilayered lyophilization |
chitosan: mimic extracellular matrix PLGA: improve mechanical properties/degradation rate Nano bioactive glass: regenerate hard tissue Growth factor: obtain successful result |
trilayered scaffold compromise nanocomposite hydrogel and growth factors can enhance absolute periodontal regeneration based on in vivo and in vitro studies | 115 |
| Core layer: PCL/nano-hydroxyapatite (n HA) Outer layer: PCL/collagen-PCL/collagen/BMP7 |
Alveolar bone | Multilayered Core layer: solvent casting/particulate leaching technique Outer layer: electrospinning |
n HA: increase bioactivity/mechanical integrity of bone tissue Collagen: mimic natural extracellular matrix BMP7: osteoblastic differentiation |
The structure and integrity of this novel multilayered scaffold are maintained without any separation and disruption. Osteogenic differentiation was observed in pre-osteoblastic cells | 116 |