Table 3.

Relationship between personal consumption expenditures and SDRs for males and females in their twenties in the metropolitan region during the COVID-19 pandemic (between March 2020 and December 2021).

Factor	Males				Females
	β	SE	T	p	β	SE	T	p
Credit card	−0.239	0.113	−2.115	0.064	−0.027	0.096	−0.281	0.785
Tangibles	0.243	0.984	0.247	0.811	−1.944	0.404	−4.817	0.001**
Retail	0.066	0.202	0.326	0.752	0.210	0.152	1.382	0.200
Cars	0.023	0.121	0.190	0.854	0.261	0.075	3.487	0.007**
Service (total)	0.109	0.177	0.613	0.555	−0.037	0.095	−0.384	0.710
Supermarket	−0.073	0.098	−0.737	0.480	0.189	0.092	2.060	0.069
Shopping mall	−0.028	0.086	−0.322	0.755	0.147	0.054	2.723	0.024*
Convenience store	−0.082	0.233	−0.351	0.733	−0.113	0.183	−0.615	0.554
Clothes	0.176	0.142	1.241	0.246	0.307	0.172	1.789	0.107
Food/drink	−0.033	0.365	−0.090	0.930	0.710	0.202	3.516	0.007**
Lifelines	0.009	0.039	0.229	0.824	−0.055	0.040	−1.360	0.207
Supplement	0.276	0.171	1.613	0.141	0.004	0.052	0.071	0.945
Non-prescription drug	−0.015	0.050	−0.296	0.774	0.145	0.063	2.303	0.047*
Medical	0.068	0.162	0.419	0.685	0.055	0.092	0.592	0.568
Pub	−0.014	0.085	−0.166	0.872	−0.085	0.042	−2.005	0.076
Travel agency	−0.102	0.072	−1.416	0.191	0.037	0.032	1.160	0.276
Hotel	0.019	0.047	0.400	0.699	0.028	0.029	0.975	0.355
Cosmetic	−0.066	0.092	−0.724	0.487	−0.049	0.032	−1.546	0.156
Communication	0.136	0.214	0.636	0.541	0.521	0.216	2.413	0.039*
Contents distribution	−0.004	0.073	−0.053	0.959	0.139	0.051	2.717	0.024*
Hausman X2=	42.03			(p < 0.01)	96.99			(p < 0.01)

β, coefficient value; SE, standard error; T, T vales; X², Chi-square value by Hausman's likelihood ratio test.

^*p < 0.05,

^**p < 0.01.