FIGURE 4.

Average joint moments across calibration trials and subjects from inverse dynamics (in red), “Params” calibration (in blue), and “Params + SynX + Res” calibration (in yellow). The results for “Params + SynX + Res” calibration were generated with the best methodological combination for calibration conditions (trial-specific unmeasured and speed-specific residual synergy vector weights with 6 synergies). For “Params + SynX + Res,” residual excitations were calibrated to improve the prediction of unmeasured muscle excitations but not used to calculate joint moments. Data are reported for the complete gait cycle, where 0% indicates initial heel-strike and 100% indicates subsequent heel-strike.