TABLE 2.

Sensing platforms based on four chief biomarkers associated with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and their limit of detection (LOD).

Sensing platform	Biomarker	Protein form	Limit of detection	Dynamic range	Sensitivity	Specificity	References
IP-MS	High performance plasma amyloid-β biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease	APP 669-711/Aβ142	2.5Da	∼180 ng/ml	96.7% (AUC)	81.0% (AUC)	Nakamura et al., 2018
IMR	Assay of plasma phosphorylated tau protein (threonine 181) and total tau protein in early-stage Alzheimer’s disease	Tau	0.0028 pg/ml	0.001–10,000 pg/ml	0.793 (ROC)	0.836 (ROC)	Yang et al., 2018
Digital-ELISA	Plasma neurofilament light as a potential biomarker of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease	NFL	0.62 pg/ml	unknown	0.84 (ROC)	0.78 (ROC)	Lewczuk et al., 2018
ELISA	C-terminal neurogranin is increased in cerebrospinal fluid but unchanged in plasma in Alzheimer’s disease	Neurogranin	3 pg/ml	3–2,000 pg/ml	x	x	De Vos et al., 2015