TABLE 2.
Characteristics of the 4,964 participants with and without periodontitis.
| Characteristics | All | No periodontitis (n = 2455) | Periodontitis (n = 2509) | P-value |
| Age (years) | 51.04 ± 13.52 | 48.53 ± 12.84 | 54.57 ± 13.67 | <0.01 |
| Male (%) | 48.99 | 42.19 | 58.54 | <0.01 |
| Race (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 68.59 | 74.71 | 59.97 | |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 10.14 | 7.56 | 13.76 | |
| Mexican American | 8.04 | 6.08 | 10.8 | |
| Other race | 13.23 | 11.64 | 15.47 | |
| Education (%) | <0.01 | |||
| <High school | 14.4 | 8.75 | 22.35 | |
| High school | 20.83 | 16.46 | 26.96 | |
| >High school | 64.76 | 74.78 | 50.67 | |
| Poverty-income ratio (%) | <0.01 | |||
| <1 | 11.49 | 7.77 | 16.72 | |
| 1–3 | 32.1 | 26.12 | 40.5 | |
| >3 | 50.51 | 60.86 | 35.96 | |
| Not recorded | 5.9 | 5.25 | 6.82 | |
| BMI (%) | 0.22 | |||
| Underweight | 0.34 | 0.27 | 0.43 | |
| Normal | 26.25 | 27.23 | 24.86 | |
| Overweight | 36.18 | 36.85 | 35.24 | |
| Obese | 36.75 | 35.27 | 38.83 | |
| Not recorded | 0.49 | 0.37 | 0.64 | |
| BMD (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Quartile1 | 15.47 | 16.36 | 14.23 | |
| Quartile 2 | 15.36 | 15.68 | 14.91 | |
| Quartile 3 | 15.74 | 18.26 | 12.21 | |
| Quartile4 | 15.89 | 18.33 | 12.46 | |
| Not recorded | 37.53 | 31.37 | 46.19 | |
| Vitamin D (nmol/L) | 72.31 ± 29.02 | 75.01 ± 28.78 | 68.53 ± 28.93 | <0.01 |
| Smoking status (%) | <0.01 | |||
| Never | 55.58 | 63.54 | 44.4 | |
| Former | 27.09 | 25.97 | 28.68 | |
| Current | 17.29 | 10.49 | 26.85 | |
| Diabetes (%) | 13.74 | 9.38 | 19.87 | <0.01 |
| Periodontal treatment (%) | 23.38 | 17.96 | 30.98 | <0.01 |
| Days per week using floss (%) | <0.01 | |||
| 0 | 27.53 | 22.47 | 34.64 | |
| 1–2 | 17.47 | 18.77 | 15.65 | |
| 3–4 | 14.89 | 15.74 | 13.7 | |
| 5–7 | 40.09 | 43.02 | 35.96 | |
| Days per week using mouthwash (%) | <0.01 | |||
| 0 | 44.75 | 46.55 | 42.22 | |
| 1–2 | 10.52 | 12.17 | 8.2 | |
| 3–4 | 10.73 | 10.63 | 10.86 | |
| 5–7 | 33.99 | 30.65 | 38.68 | |
| Calcium intake (mg) | 970.96 ± 549.61 | 978.95 ± 540.26 | 959.73 ± 562.29 | <0.01 |
| Hypertension (%) | 34.68 | 30.04 | 41.21 | <0.01 |
| Hyperlipidemia (%) |
38.91 | 37.69 | 40.62 | 0.11 |
| Congestive heart failure (%) | 2.39 | 1.04 | 3.48 | <0.01 |
| Heart attack (%) | 2.63 | 1.62 | 4.06 | <0.01 |
| Coronary heart disease (%) | 2.39 | 1.39 | 3.8 | <0.01 |
| Angina pectoris (%) | 1.71 | 0.87 | 2.89 | <0.01 |
| Stroke (%) | 2.04 | 1.35 | 3.02 | <0.01 |
| Physical activity (%) | <0.01 | |||
| 0 | 21.87 | 19.7 | 24.93 | |
| 1 | 14.77 | 15.73 | 13.42 | |
| 2 | 11.64 | 12.55 | 10.37 | |
| 3 | 51.71 | 52.02 | 51.28 | |
BMI, body mass index; BMD, bone mineral density.