TABLE 4.
Association between blood lead concentration (μmol/L) and CAL (mm), and stratified by sex, race/ethnicity, age and diabetes history.
| Model 1 β (95% CI) | Model 2 β (95% CI) | Model 3 β (95% CI) | |
| Blood lead | 2.3426 (2.0183, 2.6669)*** | 1.4298 (1.1158, 1.7438)*** | 0.6081 (0.3211, 0.8950)*** |
| Lowest quartiles | Reference | Reference | Reference |
| 2nd | 0.1526 (0.0793, 0.2260)*** | 0.0017 (−0.0701, 0.0734) | −0.0779 (−0.1427, −0.0131)* |
| 3rd | 0.3935 (0.3178, 0.4691)*** | 0.1551 (0.0785, 0.2317)*** | 0.0158 (−0.0550, 0.0866) |
| 4th | 0.7043 (0.6283, 0.7803)*** | 0.3987 (0.3190, 0.4783)*** | 0.1517 (0.0767, 0.2268)*** |
| P for trend | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
| Stratified by sex | |||
| Male | 1.8883 (1.4720, 2.3046)*** | 1.3609 (0.9599, 1.7619)*** | 0.4966 (0.1361, 0.8572)** |
| Female | 2.7857 (2.1833, 3.3880)*** | 1.5989 (0.9964, 2.2015)*** | 0.6120 (0.0398, 1.1842)* |
| Stratified by race/ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 2.8884 (2.3317, 3.4451)*** | 1.8592 (1.2973, 2.4210)*** | 0.8259 (0.3181, 1.3337)** |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 3.0393 (2.3438, 3.7347)*** | 1.8568 (1.1799, 2.5337)*** | 0.8896 (0.2289, 1.5503)** |
| Mexican American | 0.7008 (0.1253, 1.2762)* | 0.5346 (0.0064, 1.0627)* | 0.2545 (−0.2502, 0.7592) |
| Other | 2.4036 (1.6128, 3.1943)*** | 1.3249 (0.5675, 2.0823)*** | 0.3983 (−0.3225, 1.1191) |
| Stratified by age | |||
| 30–44 years | 1.2188 (0.8313, 1.6062)*** | 0.9279 (0.5501, 1.3056)*** | 0.3966 (0.0426, 0.7506)* |
| 45–59 years | 3.0993 (2.4414, 3.7572)*** | 2.4614 (1.8203, 3.1025)*** | 1.0921 (0.5260, 1.6582)*** |
| 60–74 years | 1.3067 (0.6360, 1.9773)*** | 0.9105 (0.2606, 1.5605)** | 0.2472 (−0.3635, 0.8578) |
| ≥75 years | 2.9180 (1.0676, 4.7684)** | 2.6220 (0.8521, 4.3920)** | 2.0299 (0.2003, 3.8595)* |
| Stratified by diabetes history | |||
| Diabetic | 4.1482 (3.0791, 5.2173)*** | 3.2662 (2.2254, 4.3071)*** | 2.0253 (1.0549, 2.9956)*** |
| Non-diabetic | 2.1271 (1.7971, 2.4570)*** | 1.2641 (0.9415, 1.5866)*** | 0.4134 (0.1185, 0.7083)** |
Model 1, unadjusted.
Model 2, age, sex, race/ethnicity were adjusted.
Model 3, age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, income-poverty ratio, education, vitamin D, smoking status, diabetes, frequency per week using floss and mouthwash, periodontal treatment, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, BMD, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, heart attack, stroke, physical activity, and calcium intake were adjusted. In the subgroup analysis stratified, the model is not adjusted for the stratification variable itself. *P < 0.05; **P < 0.01; ***P < 0.001.