TABLE 7.

Threshold effect and saturation effect analysis of blood cadmium and blood lead on mean CAL.

Mean CAL (mm)	Adjusted ß (95% CI), P-value
Blood cadmium < 4.03 (μmol/L)	0.0152 (−0.0143, 0.0447), 0.3115
4.03 (μmol/L) < Blood cadmium < 10.32 (μmol/L)	0.0889 (0.0550, 0.1228), <0.0001
Blood cadmium > 10.32 (μmol/L)	0.0178 (0.0073, 0.0284), 0.001
Non-Hispanic Black
Blood cadmium < 12.99 (μmol/L)	0.0508 (0.0222, 0.0794), 0.0005
Blood cadmium > 12.99 (μmol/L)	−0.0130 (−0.0431, 0.0171), 0.3980
45–59 years
Blood lead < 0.065 (μmol/L)	6.6634 (3.4448, 9.8820), <0.0001
Blood lead > 0.065 (μmol/L)	0.6459 (0.0354, 1.2564), 0.0383

Age, sex, race/ethnicity, BMI, income-poverty ratio, education, vitamin D, smoking status, diabetes, frequency per week using floss and mouthwash, periodontal treatment, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, BMD, congestive heart failure, coronary heart disease, angina pectoris, heart attack, stroke, physical activity, and calcium intake were adjusted. In the subgroup analysis stratified, the model is not adjusted for the stratification variable itself.