Figure 1.

Al-hijamah begins with skin sterilization followed by applying the sucking cups at previously decided anatomical sites. A. Skin sterilization using alcohol. B. Upper cup was put at the kahel region, then sub-kahel region and lower two cups were put at the interscapular region. C. Temporary marks at the upper back region (sites of cups application). D. Sucking cup is put at upper sternal region (an anatomical site that is thought by Al-hijamah practitioners to enhance immunity being in close proximity to the thymus gland).