Table 1.
The role of senescent cells in tumor microenvironment.
| Type of cancer | Senescent cell | Senescence inducer | Major role(s) of the SASP | SASP factor(s) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anti‐tumorigenic SASP | Hepatocyte | Hepatoocyte | OIS (N‐Ras) | Immune‐mediated senescent cell clearance | IL‐1α [71] |
| Lymphocyte | Lymphocyte | TIS (cyclophosphamide) | Reinforce cellular senescence | ND [21] | |
| Melanocyte | Melanocyte | TIS (AURKA or CDK4/6 inhibitor) | Lymphocyte recruitment | CCL5 [150] | |
| Melanocyte | Melanocyte | TIS (Aurora inhibitor) | Reinforce cellular senescence | ND [151] | |
| Osteoblast | Osteoblast | TIS (Irradiation) | NKT cell recruitment | IL‐6 [152] | |
| Pancreatic ductal cell | Pancreatic ductal cell | TIS (MEK and CDK4/6 inhibitors) | Increased vascularization and improved drug delivery efficacy | VEGF [15] | |
| Endothelial cell activation followed by accumulation of CD8+ T cells | CCL5, CXCL1, IL‐6 [15] | ||||
| Hepatocyte | Hepatocyte | OIS (N‐Ras) | Myeloid cell recruitment followed by macrophage differentiation under precancerous environment | CCL2 [70] | |
| Pro‐tumorigenic SASP | Hepatocyte | Hepatocyte | OIS (N‐Ras) | Myeloid cell recruitment followed by MDSC differentiation under cancerous environment | CCL2 [70] |
| Hepatocyte | Hepatic stellate cell | HFD‐induced senescence | ND | IL‐1β [48] | |
| Impairment of antitumor functions of CD8+ T cells | PGE2 [15] | ||||
| Lymphocyte | Lymphocyte | TIS (doxorubicin) | Stemness induction | ND [153] | |
| Mammary epithelial cell | Mammary epithelial cell | TIS (doxorubicin) | Mitogenic support | Eotaxin, CXCL5, Rantes [154] | |
| Mammary epithelial cell | Fibroblast | DNA damage (bleomycin) | Promotion of cancer invasion | MMPs [155] | |
| Mammary epithelial cell | Mammary epithelial cell | OIS (HER2) | Metastasis support | ND [156] | |
| Melanocyte | Fibroblast | TIS (CDK4/6 inhibitor) | Myeloid cell recruitment | ND [110] | |
| Mesothelial cell | Mesothelial cell | TIS (pemetrexed) | EMT induction and chemoresistance | ND [157] | |
| Prostate epithelial cell | Prostate epithelial cell | TIS (PTEN loss) | Myeloid cell recruitment followed by reinforcement of senescence | CXCL1, CXCL2 [158] | |
| Prostate epithelial cell | Prostate epithelial cell | TIS (PTEN loss) | MDSC recruitment | ND [121] | |
| Thyroid follicular cell | Thyroid follicular cell | OIS (BRAF) | Anoikis resistance | CXCL12 [159] |