Figure 9.

Structural equation model (SEM) showing the causal relationships among soil fungal community, soil factors, and plant growth parameters of A. adsurgens associated with different inoculation treatments. The solid lines and dashed lines indicate significant and non-significant pathways, respectively. The width of the solid lines indicates the strength of the causal effect, and the numbers near the arrows indicate the standardized path coefficients. Significant values are indicated by *(p < 0.05), **(p < 0.01), and ***(p < 0.001). The numbers in the upper-right corner of the box indicate the R² values and represent the proportion of variance explained for each variable. P, soil available phosphorus; SOC, soil organic carbon; NO₃, soil nitrate; NH₄, soil ammonia; STB, stem branching numbers; RLE, root length; RDA, root diameter; TBI, total biomass.