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. 2022 Sep 7;14:977191. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2022.977191

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Copyright © 2022 Li, Sun, Liu, Ge, Lu, Liu, Zhou, Liu, Dong, Yue, Xue, Dai and Dong.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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The metabolites with significant differences in motoric cognitive risk, cognitive functional impairment and comorbid motoric cognitive risk-cognitive impairment. (A) PCA of the metabolome of samples and quality controls (QCs). (B) PCA of the lipidome of samples and QCs. (C) The forest map showing the risk metabolites of MCR-only by logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). There were 5 positive risk metabolites and 19 negative risk metabolites. (D) The forest map showing the top 25 risk metabolites of MCR-CI by logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). There was 1 positive risk metabolite and 24 negative risk metabolites. (E) The forest map showing the top 25 risk metabolites of CI-only by logistic regression analysis (p < 0.05). There were 11 positive risk metabolites and 14 negative risk metabolites. (F) Overlapping analysis of risk metabolites of MCR-only, CI-only and MCR-CI. The metabolites in panels (C–E) are ranked by the crude odds ratios (OR). The segment of each metabolite means 95% CI. Cer, ceramide; PC, phosphatidylcholine; LysoPC, lysophosphatidylcholine; PE, phosphatidylethanolamine; LysoPE, lysophosphatidylethanolamine; TG, triacylglycerol; SM, sphingomyelins; FA, fatty acid; ChE, cholesterol ester; GCDC, glycochenodeoxycholic acid; ADMA, asymmetric dimethylarginine; Reduced NR, 1-(beta-D-ribofuranosyl)-1,4-dihydronicotinamide.