Figure 1.

Regulatory mechanism of mitochondrial fission on mitochondrial homeostasis. Mitochondrial fission induced by ICM. Ischemic/hypoxic stress increases phosphorylation of the mitochondrial fission protein Drp1 as well as the expression levels of the Drp1 receptor proteins fission protein 1(Fis1) and mitochondrial fission factor (Mff). Together these proteins mediate typical mitochondrial fission. Mitochondrial fission increases a precursor to mitophagy when cells are subjected to various stresses. This is related to the accumulation of various markers of mitochondrial autophagy. Drp1 phosphorylation induces mitochondrial fission by mediating its oligomerization around the mitochondrial outer membrane after recruitment and stabilization of Fis1 and Mff. Increasing levels of phosphorylated Drp1 increase mitochondrial fission, leading to their fragmentation, which will reduce both energy metabolism and cellular activity and stimulate mitophagy.