Table 2.
Associations between sociodemographic, clinical and hospital characteristics and study outcomes among amphetamine-related hospitalisations (any diagnostic position)
| Characteristic | Died | Length of stay | Discharged against medical advice | ||||||
| No, n (%) n=1 45 020 |
Yes, n (%) n=2000 |
AOR* (95% CI) |
0–2 days, n (%) n=53 730 |
>2 days, n (%) n=93 290 |
AOR* (95% CI) |
No, n (%) n=1 35 915 |
Yes, n (%) n=11 105 |
AOR* (95% CI) |
|
| Age | |||||||||
| 18–44 | 94 320 (65.0) | 775 (38.8) | Reference | 36 325 (67.6) | 58 770 (63.0) | Reference | 87 595 (64.4) | 7500 (67.5) | Reference |
| 45–64 | 47 850 (33.0) | 1135 (56.7) | 1.54 (1.21 to 1.96)† | 16 620 (30.9) | 32 365 (34.7) | 0.97 (0.91 to 1.02) | 45 500 (33.5) | 3485 (31.4) | 0.84 (0.75 to 0.93)† |
| 65+ | 2850 (2.0) | 90 (4.5) | 2.04 (1.15 to 3.61)‡ | 785 (1.5) | 2155 (2.3) | 1.06 (0.86 to 1.29) | 2820 (2.1) | 120 (1.1) | 0.47 (0.31 to 0.72)† |
| Sex | |||||||||
| Male | 86 790 (59.8) | 1355 (67.7) | 1.16 (0.93 to 1.44) | 32 045 (59.6) | 56 100 (60.1) | 0.99 (0.94 to 1.04) | 81 040 (59.6) | 7105 (64.0) | 1.26 (1.15 to 1.38)§ |
| Female | 58 230 (40.2) | 645 (32.2) | Reference | 21 685 (40.4) | 37 190 (39.9) | Reference | 54 875 (40.4) | 4000 (36.0) | Reference |
| Race | |||||||||
| White | 99 785 (68.8) | 1350 (67.5) | Reference | 36 270 (67.5) | 64 865 (69.5) | Reference | 93 045 (68.5) | 8090 (72.9) | Reference |
| Black | 11 845 (8.2) | 110 (5.5) | 0.57 (0.35 to 0.91)‡ | 4455 (8.3) | 7500 (8.0) | 0.88 (0.79 to 0.98)‡ | 11 065 (8.1) | 890 (8.0) | 0.86 (0.72 to 1.04) |
| Hispanic | 23 065 (15.9) | 365 (18.3) | 1.11 (0.83 to 1.48) | 8965 (16.7) | 14 465 (15.5) | 0.95 (0.87 to 1.03) | 22 025 (16.2) | 1405 (12.7) | 0.61 (0.53 to 0.70)§ |
| Asian or Pacific Islander |
4435 (3.1) | 90 (4.5) | 1.16 (0.76 to 1.78) | 1725 (3.2) | 2800 (3.0) | 0.90 (0.76 to 1.06) | 4275 (3.1) | 250 (2.3) | 0.60 (0.43 to 0.83)† |
| Native American | 2690 (1.9) | 35 (1.7) | 0.89 (0.43 to 1.87) | 1100 (2.0) | 1625 (1.7) | 0.82 (0.68 to 0.98)‡ | 2490 (1.8) | 235 (2.1) | 1.08 (0.71 to 1.64) |
| Other | 3200 (2.2) | 50 (2.5) | 1.29 (0.67 to 2.50) | 1215 (2.3) | 2035 (2.2) | 0.97 (0.81 to 1.16) | 3015 (2.2) | 235 (2.1) | 0.83 (0.56 to 1.22) |
| Primary payer | |||||||||
| Medicare | 20 970 (14.5) | 320 (16.0) | 0.66 (0.43 to 1.01) | 6305 (11.7) | 14 985 (16.1) | 1.14 (1.02 to 1.27)‡ | 19 760 (14.5) | 1530 (13.8) | 1.61 (1.31 to 1.98)§ |
| Medicaid | 72 445 (50.0) | 1010 (50.5) | 0.93 (0.64 to 1.35) | 26 925 (50.1) | 46 530 (49.9) | 0.94 (0.86 to 1.03) | 67 650 (49.8) | 5805 (52.3) | 1.63 (1.36 to 1.95)§ |
| Private insurance | 19 675 (13.6) | 220 (11.0) | Reference | 6910 (12.9) | 12 985 (13.9) | Reference | 18 930 (13.9) | 965 (8.7) | Reference |
| Self-pay | 24 010 (16.6) | 355 (17.8) | 1.60 (1.08 to 2.36)† | 10 880 (20.2) | 13 485 (14.5) | 0.66 (0.60 to 0.73)§ | 22 015 (16.2) | 2350 (21.2) | 2.30 (1.90 to 2.79)§ |
| No charge | ¶ | ¶ | 0.95 (0.21 to 4.31) | 550 (1.0) | 810 (0.9) | 0.74 (0.55 to 0.99)† | 1265 (0.9) | 95 (0.9) | 1.71 (1.09 to 2.67)† |
| Other | ¶ | ¶ | 1.13 (0.62 to 2.05) | 2160 (4.0) | 4495 (4.8) | 1.17 (0.97 to 1.40) | 6295 (4.6) | 360 (3.2) | 1.15 (0.81 to 1.65) |
| Median household income | |||||||||
| First quartile (US$1–US$39 999) | 53 545 (36.9) | 705 (35.3) | 1.10 (0.78 to 1.55) | 19 600 (36.5) | 34 650 (37.1) | 0.96 (0.86 to 1.07) | 50 165 (36.9) | 4085 (36.8) | 1.05 (0.89 to 1.23) |
| Second quartile (US$40 000–US$50 999) | 41 780 (28.8) | 625 (31.2) | 1.29 (0.92 to 1.81) | 15 860 (29.5) | 26 545 (28.5) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.00) | 39 045 (28.7) | 3360 (30.3) | 1.10 (0.93 to 1.29) |
| Third quartile (US$51000–US$65 999) | 31 195 (21.5) | 450 (22.5) | 1.14 (0.80 to 1.63) | 11 700 (21.8) | 19 945 (21.4) | 0.92 (0.84 to 1.01) | 29 375 (21.6) | 2270 (20.4) | 0.96 (0.82 to 1.12) |
| Fourth quartile (US$66 000+) | 18 500 (12.8) | 220 (11.0) | Reference | 6570 (12.2) | 12 150 (13.0) | Reference | 17 330 (12.8) | 1390 (12.5) | Reference |
| Total elixhauser groups per record | |||||||||
| 0–2 | 55 600 (38.3) | 185 (9.2) | Reference | 24 070 (44.8) | 31 715 (34.0) | Reference | 51 240 (37.7) | 4545 (40.9) | Reference |
| 3–4 | 55 140 (38.0) | 585 (29.3) | 3.03 (2.07 to 4.43)§ | 19 625 (36.5) | 36 100 (38.7) | 1.37 (1.30 to 1.46)§ | 51 640 (38.0) | 4085 (36.8) | 0.91 (0.82 to 1.02) |
| 5–6 | 24 340 (16.8) | 660 (33.0) | 7.13 (4.71 to 10.79)§ | 7660 (14.3) | 17 340 (18.6) | 1.68 (1.56 to 1.82)§ | 23 180 (17.1) | 1820 (16.4) | 0.92 (0.79 to 1.06) |
| 7+ | 9940 (6.9) | 570 (28.5) | 14.29 (9.08 to 22.48)§ | 2375 (4.4) | 8135 (8.7) | 2.56 (2.28 to 2.88)§ | 9855 (7.3) | 655 (5.9) | 0.78 (0.62 to 0.97)† |
| Hospital bedsize** | |||||||||
| Small | 23 620 (16.3) | 260 (13.0) | Reference | 9545 (17.8) | 14 335 (15.4) | Reference | 21 980 (16.2) | 1900 (17.1) | Reference |
| Medium | 33 305 (23.0) | 430 (21.5) | 1.25 (0.86 to 1.81) | 13 045 (24.3) | 20 690 (22.2) | 1.04 (0.92 to 1.19) | 31 005 (22.8) | 2730 (24.6) | 0.96 (0.80 to 1.16) |
| Large | 88 095 (60.7) | 1310 (65.5) | 1.37 (0.99 to 1.88) | 31 140 (58.0) | 58 265 (62.5) | 1.29 (1.15 to 1.44)§ | 82 930 (61.0) | 6475 (58.3) | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.03) |
| Hospital ownership/control | |||||||||
| Government, nonfederal | 29 900 (20.6) | 380 (19.0) | Reference | 11 125 (20.7) | 19 155 (20.5) | Reference | 28 445 (20.9) | 1835 (16.5) | Reference |
| Private, not-profit | 91 835 (63.3) | 1310 (65.5) | 1.12 (0.84 to 1.49) | 33 765 (62.8) | 59 380 (63.7) | 0.97 (0.87 to 1.07) | 85 970 (63.3) | 7175 (64.6) | 1.29 (1.04 to 1.60)† |
| Private, invest-own | 23 285 (16.1) | 310 (15.5) | 1.26 (0.83 to 1.89) | 8840 (16.5) | 14 755 (15.8) | 0.96 (0.82 to 1.13) | 21 500 (15.8) | 2095 (18.9) | 1.48 (1.13 to 1.93)‡ |
| Hospital location/teaching status | |||||||||
| Rural | 11 875 (8.2) | 85 (4.2) | Reference | 5165 (9.6) | 6795 (7.3) | Reference | 11 080 (8.2) | 880 (7.9) | Reference |
| Urban nonteaching | 44 285 (30.5) | 500 (25.0) | 1.21 (0.71 to 2.09) | 16 025 (29.8) | 28 760 (30.8) | 1.47 (1.27 to 1.71)§ | 40 880 (30.1) | 3905 (35.2) | 1.05 (0.81 to 1.36) |
| Urban teaching | 88 860 (61.3) | 1415 (70.8) | 1.83 (1.10 to 3.04)† | 32 540 (60.6) | 57 735 (61.9) | 1.42 (1.25 to 1.63)§ | 83 955 (61.8) | 6320 (56.9) | 0.90 (0.70 to 1.14) |
| Hospital region | |||||||||
| Northeast | ¶ | ¶ | Reference | 1590 (3.0) | 3340 (3.6) | Reference | 4520 (3.3) | 410 (3.7) | Reference |
| Midwest | ¶ | ¶ | 3.40 (0.78 to 14.82) | 5945 (11.1) | 10 855 (11.6) | 0.87 (0.72 to 1.06) | 15 865 (11.7) | 935 (8.4) | 0.55 (0.41 to 0.75)† |
| South | 35 825 (24.7) | 380 (19.0) | 3.87 (0.92 to 16.26) | 13 155 (24.5) | 23 050 (24.7) | 0.87 (0.73 to 1.05) | 33 855 (24.9) | 2350 (21.2) | 0.66 (0.50 to 0.87)† |
| West | 87 625 (60.4) | 1460 (73.0) | 5.07 (1.22 to 21.04)‡ | 33 040 (61.5) | 56 045 (60.1) | 0.70 (0.58 to 0.83)§ | 81 675 (60.1) | 7410 (66.7) | 1.07 (0.82 to 1.40) |
*Adjusted for all factors listed in table.
†p<0.01.
‡p<0.05.
§p<0.001.
¶Data suppressed—10 or fewer observations in some cells.
**Hospital bedsize describes overall a hospital’s size based on its number of short-term acute care beds, location and teaching status. There is no fixed threshold used to denote small, medium and large bedsize hospitals. Additional details on hospital bedsize are available on the HCUP website (www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov).
AOR, adjusted OR; HCUP, Healthcare Cost and Utilisation Project.