Table 1.
Summary of the prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection in southeast Asia
| Country | Prevalence % (n) or incidence | Year | Toxigenic C. difficile | Testing method | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Indonesia | 20.6% (70/340) | 2014–2015 | 10.9% (37/340) | EIA, PCR ribotyping, and toxin profiling | 57 |
| Malaysia | 22.9% (100/437) | 2015–2016 | 10.3% (45/437) | EIA, PCR ribotyping, and toxin profiling | 62 |
| Singapore | 10.7/10,000 patient-days | 2011–2012 | 92.4% (61/66) | EIA, PCR ribotyping | 69 |
| Thailand | 23% (100/422) | 2015 | 9.2% (39/422) | BD MAX CDiff assay, PCR ribotyping, and toxin gene profiling | 75 |
| China | 14.1% (138/978) | 2013–2016 | 14.1% (138/978) | MLST, PCR ribotyping, and toxin gene profiling | 84 |
| Vietnam | 24.9% (95/382) | 2013–2015 | 24.9% (95/382) | Nested PCR, and slpA sequence typing | 12 |
| Cambodia | 3.75% (3/80) | 2005 | 3.75% (3/80) | Toxin A-EIA | 14 |
| Lao PDR | 8.6% (6/70) | 2013 | 60% (3/5) | EIA, PCR ribotyping, and toxin gene profiling | 15 |
EIA = enzyme immunoassay; PCR = polymerase chain reaction.