Effect of an hfq mutation on rpoS expression in crr background. Strains CU264 (wild type [WT]), NM20 (crr2–3::mini-Tn10cam), NM11 (hfq1::Ω), and NM21 (crr2–3::mini-Tn10cam hfq1::Ω), each carrying rpoS-lacZ PF212 on the chromosome, were grown at 37°C in Luria broth. At the mid-logarithmic phase, β-galactosidase activity expressed by rpoS-lacZ PF212 (upper panel) and ςS content (lower panel) were measured. β-Galactosidase activity data are means with standard deviations for four independent assays.