Table 3.
Multilevel logistic regression models assessing the relationships between the use of long-acting modern contraception and health facility-, individual-, household-, and community-level factors (N = 10,384)
| Characteristics | Null model | Health facility-level model, aOR (95% CI) | Health facility-, individual-, and household-level model, aOR (95% CI) | Health facility-, individual-, household-, and community-level model, aOR (95% CI) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| General health service readiness | ||||
| Health facility management system | 1.76 (1.18–2.36)** | 1.66 (1.28–2.40)** | 1.59 (1.21–2.42)* | |
| Health facility infrastructure | 1.48 (0.98–1.78) | 1.47 (0.90–1.95) | 1.44 (1.01–1.69)** | |
| Degree of availability of LAMCs at the nearest health care facility | 2.17 (1.19–3.20)** | 2.23 (1.43–3.76)* | 2.16 (1.18–3.21)* | |
| Readiness of the nearest health care facility (where LAMCs are available) to provide LAMCs | 1.76 (1.14–3.18)** | 1.64 (1.16–3.20)** | 1.74 (1.15–3.20)** | |
| Average distance on road communication from women’s resided cluster to the nearest health facility where LAMCs are available | 0.78 (0.44–0.98)** | 0.74 (0.42–0.97)** | 0.73 (0.46–0.96)** | |
| Women’s age | ||||
| ≤ 19 (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 20–34 | 0.82 (0.71–0.96)** | 0.84 (0.72–0.97)** | ||
| ≥ 35 | 0.61 (0.48–0.78)** | 0.63 (0.50–0.80)** | ||
| Women’s education status | ||||
| No formal education (Ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Primary | 1.52 (1.33–1.73)** | 1.55 (1.36–1.77)** | ||
| Secondary | 1.73 (1.48–2.03)** | 1.79 (1.53–2.10)** | ||
| Higher | 1.33 (1.02–1.74)** | 1.34 (1.03–1.75)** | ||
| Women’s employment status | ||||
| No (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Yes | 1.41 (1.27–1.57)** | 1.37 (1.23–1.52)** | ||
| Husbands’ education status | ||||
| No education (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Primary | 0.91 (0.81–1.04) | 0.93 (0.82–1.05) | ||
| Secondary | 0.60 (0.52–0.69)** | 1.61 (1.53–1.71)** | ||
| Higher | 0.43 (0.34–0.55)** | 1.44 (1.34–1.55)** | ||
| Husbands’ occupation | ||||
| Agricultural worker (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Physical worker | 0.92 (0.82–1.04) | 0.88 (0.78–0.99)* | ||
| Services | 1.24 (0.91–1.90) | 1.18 (0.86–1.61) | ||
| Business | 1.29 (1.11–1.48)** | 1.23 (1.06–1.42)** | ||
| Other | 0.26 (0.07–0.90)** | 0.26 (0.08–0.91)** | ||
| Number of children ever given birth | ||||
| No children (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 1–2 children | 9.93 (4.70–20.96)* | 9.84 (4.66–20.81)* | ||
| > 2 children | 9.90 (4.70–20.85)* | 9.92 (4.71–20.91)* | ||
| Intervals between the two most recent live births | ||||
| ≤ 2 years | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| 3–4 years | 1.07 (0.91–1.25) | 1.06 (0.90–1.24) | ||
| > 4 years | 0.97 (0.84–1.13) | 0.95 (0.81–1.10) | ||
| Family type | ||||
| Nuclear (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Joint | 1.18 (1.06–1.30)** | 1.21 (1.10–1.35)** | ||
| Household wealth quintile | ||||
| Richest (ref) | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Richer | 1.32 (1.11–1.57)** | 1.41 (1.18–1.68)** | ||
| Middle | 1.52 (1.27–1.82)** | 1.71 (1.42–2.06)** | ||
| Poorer | 1.81 (1.50–2.18)** | 2.09 (1.72–2.54)** | ||
| Poorest | 2.54 (2.09–3.10)** | 2.94 (2.38–3.62)** | ||
| Place of residence | ||||
| Urban (ref) | 1.00 | |||
| Rural | 0.66 (0.57–0.77)** | |||
| Region (administrative division) | ||||
| Barishal (ref) | 1.00 | |||
| Chottogram | 1.11 (0.85–1.43) | |||
| Dhaka | 1.46 (1.13–1.89)** | |||
| Khulna | 1.18 (0.91–1.53) | |||
| Mymensingh | 1.16 (0.88–1.53) | |||
| Rajshahi | 1.44 (1.11–1.87)** | |||
| Rangpur | 1.59 (1.22–2.06)** | |||
| Sylhet | 0.77 (0.58–1.02) | |||
| Model summary | ||||
| AIC | 12,991.51 | 11,146.06 | 10,969.60 | 10.912.18 |
| BIC | 13,006 | 11,325.92 | 11,139.61 | 11,138.87 |
| ICC | 0.17 | 0.11 | 0.10 | 0.07 |
| Median Odds Ratio | 1.80 | 1.78 | 1.78 | 1.68 |
| Variance of the random intercept | 0.38 (0.04) | 0.45 (0.03) | 0.61 (0.04) | 0.55 (0.404) |
ref Reference group, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05