Table 2.
Antiviral peptides developed against SARS-CoV-2.
| Name | Target Protein | Source | Sequence derived from | Mechanism | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DS9 | S1 subunit | Synthetic peptide | Dermaseptin | Impedes S1 binding to ACE2 receptor and regulates virus entry | Sekar et al. (2022) |
| AHB1 | S-protein | De-novo designed | ACE2 | Inhibits RBD binding to ACE2 | Cao et al. (2020) |
| LCB1 | S-protein RBD | De-novo designed | Based on ACE2 binding to RBD | Inhibits RBD binding to ACE2 | |
| LCB3 | S-protein RBD | Inhibits RBD binding to ACE2 | |||
| SARS-BLOCK | RBD binding site of ACE2 receptor | Synthetic peptide inhibitor that mimics S-protein RBD | S-protein RBD | Inhibits S-protein binding to ACE2 and stimulate immune response | Watson et al. (2020) |
| HD5 | ACE2 | Intestinal Paneth cells | Human defensin family peptide | Cloaking of binding of ACE2 and inhibits entry to the host cell | Wang et al. (2020) |
| LL37 | Carboxypeptidase domain of ACE2 and S protein RBD | Neutrophils and epithelial cells | Human cathelicidin family peptide | Inhibits the binding of RBD to ACE2 receptor | Wang et al. (2021) |
| Lactoferrin | Innate immunity and S-protein | Exocrine glands and neutrophils | Bovine lactoferrin (identical to human lectoferrin) | Prevents virus entry and anti-inflammatory and restore iron homeostasis | Campione et al. (2021) |
| Birlacidin | Not available (NA) | Synthetic nonpeptidic mimetic polymer | Host defense protein magainin | Inhibits virus entry and significantly effective in combination with remdesivir. | Bakovic et al. (2020) |
| EK1C4 | HR1 | Cholesterol molecule conjugated to the EK1 peptide (a modified OC43-HR2P peptide) | HR2 of OC43 | Inhibits S-protein mediated membrane fusion | Xia et al. (2020) |
| 2019-nCoV-HR2P | HR1 | Synthetic peptide derived from 2019-nCoV-HR2P | HR2 of SARS-CoV2/ 2019 nCoV (both sequences are identical) | Inhibits S-protein mediated membrane fusion | |
| ATN-161 | ACE2 receptor and S-protein RBD | Extracellular matrix component fibronectin | Fibronectin | Binds to integrin α5β1 and dirupt the interaction between ACE2 and S-protein RBD | Beddingfield et al. (2021) |
| Aprotinin | TMPRSS2 | Bovine lung | Aprotinin | Prevents proteolytic activation | Bestle et al. (2020) |
| MI-432 | Peptide mimetic inhibitors of TMPRSS2 | Protease inhibitor (peptidomimetic) | Prevents proteolytic activation | ||
| MI-1900 | Peptide mimetic inhibitors of TMPRSS2 | Prevents proteolytic activation | |||
| P9 | Cathepsin L | Synthetic peptide based on mouse β-defensin-4 | Mouse β-defensin-4 | Inhibition of endosomal acidification | Zhao et al. (2020) |
| P9R | |||||
| 8P9R | |||||
| MI-1851 | Furin | Peptide mimetic inhibitors of Furin | Protease inhibitor (peptidomimetic) | Inhibits proteolytic cleavage of S-protein into S1 and S2 subunits | Bestle et al. (2020) |