Table 1. Characteristics of included studies.
| First Author, Year | Study Location | Characteristics of Population | Baseline Sample Size | % Femalea | Ageb | Type of MBI | Type of Control Group | Delivery Method | Guidance | Number of Sessions | Length of Intervention | Measurements | Type of Analysis | Instrument of Outcome Measures | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Online MBIs | Control | Depression | Anxiety | Stress | |||||||||||||
| Alvarado-García et al., 2021 [32] | Peru, America | General population | 30 | 30 | N/A | N/A | MBSR | Inactive (Waitlist) | Videoconferencing | With | 8 sessions | 8 weeks | Post | ITT | N/A | N/A | PSS-10 |
| Hosseinzadeh Asl, 2021 [33] | Turkey, Asia | Social workers | 30 | 21 | 55.1 | 33.06 ± 6.02 | MBCT | Inactive (Waitlist) | Videoconferencing | With | 4 sessions | 4 weeks | Post, 1-month follow-up | PP | DASS-21-D | DASS-21-A | DASS-21-S |
| Huang et al., 2021 [34] | China, Asia | Healthcare workers in COVID-19 isolation wards | 58 | 60 | 77.1 | 32.27 ± 6.42 | MBSR | Active (Mental health education) | Videoconferencing | With | 8 sessions | 8 weeks | Post | ITT | N/A | N/A | SRQ |
| Kam et al., 2021 [35] | Canada, America | University students | 34 | 30 | 83.9 | 29.9 ± 8.8 | MBCT | Inactive (Waitlist) | Mobile application | Without | 10 sessions | 2 weeks | Post | PP | PROMIS-D | PROMIS-A | N/A |
| Pheh et al, 2020 [36] | Malaysia, Asia | General population | 104 | 79 | 73.9 | 28.75 ± 9.01 | MBCT | Active (Answering manipulated questions) | Website | Without | 1 session | 1 week | Post, 2-week follow-up | PP | N/A | GAD-7 | SUDS |
| Simonsson et al., 2021 [37] | England, Europe | University students | 88 | 89 | 64.4 | 23.27 ± 5.60 | MBCT | Inactive (Waitlist) | Videoconferencing | With | 8 sessions | 8 weeks | Post, 1-month follow-up | PP | PROMIS-D | PROMIS-A | N/A |
| Smith et al., 2021 [38] | United States, America | Obstetrics and gynecology outpatients | 50 | 51 | 100 | 36.21 ± 11.30 | MBCT | Inactive (Waitlist) | Mobile application | Without | 4 sessions | 4 weeks | Post | ITT | HADS-D | HADS-A | PSS-10 |
| Sun et al., 2021 [39] | China, Asia | University students | 57 | 57 | 73.7 | 22.21 ± 2.67 | MBSR and MBCT | Active (Social support) | Mobile application | With | 4 sessions | 4 weeks | Post, 2-month follow-up | ITT | PHQ-9 | GAD-7 | N/A |
a% female of the total study population at baseline.
bMean and standard deviation of the study population age at baseline.
COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 2019; DASS-21-A, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21 Anxiety Subscale; DASS-21-D, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21-Depression Subscale; DASS-21-S, Depression, Anxiety, and Stress Scale-21-Stress Subscale; GAD-7, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7; HADS-A, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Anxiety Subscale; HADS-D, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale-Depression Subscale; ITT, intention-to-treat; MBCT, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy; MBI, mindfulness-based intervention; MBSR, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction; N/A, not available; PHQ-9, Patient Health Questionnaire-9; PP, per-protocol; PROMIS-A, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Anxiety Subscale; PROMIS-D, Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System-Depression Subscale; PSS-10, Perceived Stress Scale-10; SD, standard deviation; SRQ, Stress Response Questionnaire; SUDS, Subjective Unit of Distress Scale.