Table 2. Summary of subgroup analyses of online MBIs effect on mental health outcomes at post-intervention (including outliers).
| Outcome Measure | Covariate | Subgroup | Number of Studies | Effect Size | Heterogeneity | p-value of Difference between Subgroups | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hedges’ g | 95% CI | Z | p-value | I 2 | p-value | |||||
| Depression | Study region | Asia | 2 | -0.28 | -0.59, 0.03 | 1.75 | 0.08 | 0% | 0.91 | 0.76 |
| Non-Asia | 3 | -0.34 | -0.55, -0.12 | 3.01 | 0.003 | 0% | 0.57 | |||
| Delivery method | Videoconferencing | 2 | -0.35 | -0.62, -0.08 | 2.52 | 0.01 | 0% | 0.86 | 0.75 | |
| Non-videoconferencing | 3 | -0.29 | -0.53, -0.05 | 2.40 | 0.02 | 0% | 0.57 | |||
| Guidance | With | 3 | -0.32 | -0.54, 0.10 | 2.86 | 0.004 | 0% | 0.92 | 0.95 | |
| Without | 2 | -0.31 | -0.63, 0.01 | 1.87 | 0.06 | 7% | 0.30 | |||
| Anxiety | Study region | Asia | 3 | -0.08 | -0.30, 0.14 | 0.72 | 0.47 | 0% | 0.73 | 0.03a |
| Non-Asia | 3 | -0.42 | -0.64, -0.20 | 3.77 | < 0.001 | 0% | 0.47 | |||
| Control type | Active | 2 | -0.04 | -0.28, 0.19 | 0.37 | 0.71 | 0% | 0.82 | 0.02a | |
| Inactive | 4 | -0.40 | -0.61, -0.20 | 3.87 | < 0.001 | 0% | 0.64 | |||
| Delivery method | Videoconferencing | 2 | -0.46 | -0.74, -0.19 | 3.34 | < 0.001 | 0% | 0.48 | 0.06 | |
| Non-videoconferencing | 4 | -0.15 | -0.34, 0.04 | 1.55 | 0.12 | 0% | 0.42 | |||
| Guidance | With | 3 | -0.28 | -0.62, 0.05 | 1.64 | 0.10 | 53% | 0.12 | 0.69 | |
| Without | 3 | -0.20 | -0.43, 0.03 | 1.72 | 0.09 | 5% | 0.35 | |||
| Stress | Study region | Asia | 3 | -0.25 | -0.47, -0.03 | 2.24 | 0.02 | 0% | 0.49 | 0.08 |
| Non-Asia | 2 | -1.20 | -2.24, -0.16 | 2.25 | 0.02 | 88% | 0.00 | |||
| Population type | General population | 2 | -0.91 | -2.52, 0.69 | 1.12 | 0.26 | 96% | < 0.001 | 0.61 | |
| Non-general population | 3 | -0.50 | -0.74, -0.25 | 3.98 | < 0.001 | 0% | 0.48 | |||
| MBI type | MBSR | 2 | -1.05 | -2.39, 0.28 | 1.54 | 0.12 | 93% | < 0.001 | 0.34 | |
| MBCT | 3 | -0.37 | -0.75, 0.00 | 1.94 | 0.05 | 60% | 0.08 | |||
| Control type | Active | 2 | -0.24 | -0.51, 0.03 | 1.72 | 0.09 | 22% | 0.26 | 0.09 | |
| Inactive | 3 | -0.92 | -1.66, -0.18 | 2.43 | 0.02 | 84% | 0.002 | |||
| Delivery method | Videoconferencing | 3 | -0.81 | -1.64, 0.01 | 1.93 | 0.05 | 87% | < 0.001 | 0.40 | |
| Non-videoconferencing | 2 | -0.39 | -0.95, 0.17 | 1.35 | 0.18 | 80% | 0.03 | |||
| Guidance | With | 3 | -0.81 | -1.64, 0.01 | 1.93 | 0.05 | 87% | < 0.001 | 0.40 | |
| Without | 2 | -0.39 | -0.95, 0.17 | 1.35 | 0.18 | 80% | 0.03 | |||
a p < 0.05
CI, confidence interval; MBCT, Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy; MBI, mindfulness-based intervention; MBSR, Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction.