Table 1. Preoperative characteristics.
| Control (n = 17) | Virtual Reality (n = 17) | Standardized Difference* | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years | 50.1±11.1 | 48.7±19.0 | -0.09 | |
| Female sex | 8 (47.1) | 5 (29.4) | -0.37 | |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 28.7±5.2 | 28.1±4.8 | -0.12 | |
| Diabetes | 4 (23.5) | 2 (11.8) | -0.31 | |
| Hypertension | 6 (35.3) | 9 (52.9) | 0.36 | |
| Dyslipidemia | 6 (35.3) | 5 (29.4) | -0.13 | |
| Obesity | 7 (41.2) | 3 (17.6) | -0.53 | |
| COPD | 4 (23.5) | 3 (17.6) | -0.15 | |
| Depression | 6 (35.3) | 3 (17.6) | -0.41 | |
| Anxiety | 3 (17.6) | 2 (11.8) | -0.17 | |
| Previous Use of VR | ||||
| Never, | 13 (76.5) | 10 (58.8) | 0.74 | |
| Once | 2 (11.8) | 3 (17.6) | ||
| A few times | 1 (5.9) | 4 (23.5) | ||
| Many times | 0 (0) | 1 (5.9) | ||
| Procedure Type a | ||||
| Carpal tunnel | 4 (23.5) | 4 (23.5) | 0.00 | |
| Dupuytren’s contracture | 1 (5.9) | 2 (11.8) | 0.21 | |
| Tendon/ligament repair | 5 (29.4) | 3 (17.6) | -0.28 | |
| Ganglion removal | 3 (17.6) | 3 (17.6) | 0.00 | |
| Ulnar neurolysis/decompression | 2 (11.8) | 4 (23.5) | 0.31 | |
| Mass/cyst excision | 3 (17.6) | 1 (5.9) | -0.37 | |
| Reduction and/or internal fixation | 2 (11.8) | 3 (17.6) | 0.17 | |
| Other | 4 (23.5) | 2 (11.8) | -0.31 | |
| Surgery length, minutes | 27.0 (16.5–45.5) | 19.0 (12.5–51.0) | -1.17 | |
| Regional Anesthetic | ||||
| Supraclavicular | 4 (23.5) | 7 (41.2) | 0.38 | |
| Infraclavicular | 11 (64.7) | 8 (47.1) | -0.36 | |
| None/data missing | 2 (11.8) | 2 (11.8) | -0.35 | |
| Bupivacaine, mg | 100 (75–100) | 100 (67.5–100) | -0.21 | |
| Mepivacaine, mg | 240 (200–300) | 200 (200–200) | -1.17 | |
| Midazolam (preoperative/ intraoperative) | 17 (100) | 13 (76.5) | -0.78 | |
Values are presented as n (%), mean ±SD, or median (Q1-Q3) depending on variable type and distribution.
a Multiple bookings per case are possible.
b Calculated as the difference in means or proportions divided by the pooled standard deviation. * Significant imbalance is defined as an absolute standardized difference > 0.67.