. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 21.

Published in final edited form as: Arch Clin Biomed Res. 2022 Aug 26;6(5):673–685. doi: 10.26502/acbr.50170279

Table 1:

Biomarker for the Differentiation of SIRS and Sepsis.

Biomarker(s)	Type of Study	Aim of the Study	Results	Citation
Myeloperoxidase (MPO)	Observational, Single Center Cohort Study	Determine the value of MPO as a biomarker for mortality in SIRS and sepsis patients in the ICU	In a population of SIRS patients, MPO levels in patients with sepsis were significantly higher compared to those without Sepsis with an average MPO of 60 ng/mL versus 43 ng/mL.	[77, 78]
Monocyte Distribution Width (MDW)	Blinded, prospective Cohort Study	Determine if volume increases of circulating immune cells add value to the white blood cell count for early septic detention in the ED	Crousor et al. established monocyte distribution width (MDW) as a parameter to differentiate between sepsis from systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and infection.	[79]
Endocan	Prospective Observational Study	Evaluate serum levels of endocan in septic patients and determine its potential as a diagnostic or prognostic marker of sepsis.	Circulating levels of endocan were found to be significantly elevated in sepsis (1.9 ng/mL) severe sepsis (1.97 ng/mL), and septic shock (6.11 ng/mL) compared to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (0.72 ng/mL).	[80]
IL-1α, IP-10, and sTNF-R2	Observational Study	Identify biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of SIRS versus sepsis, and the various stages of sepsis.	Serum levels of IL-1α, IP-10, and sTNF-R2 were higher in sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock compared to SIRS	[75]
MMP-1, -2, -7 and -13	Observational Study	Identify biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of SIRS versus sepsis, and the various stages of sepsis.	MMP-1, -2, -7 and -13 plasma concentrations showed to be significantly higher in SIRS patients when compared to those with sepsis.	[75]
sE-selectin	Observational Study	Identify biomarkers for the differential diagnosis of SIRS versus sepsis, and the various stages of sepsis.	Soluble E-selectin concentrations showed to be significantly higher in SIRS patients when compared to those with sepsis.	[75]